Ankylosaurian systematics can be assessed using morphological, textural, and histological characters of osteoderms. Archosaur osteoderms have cortices surrounding cancellous cores. Ankylosaurs are united by an external cortex distinguishable from the core and by the presence of mineralized structural fibers. Nodosaurid osteoderms lack a well-developed basal cortex and have dense external cortical fibers. Ankylosaurid osteoderms are thinner than those of other ankylosaurs. Polacanthine osteoderms have a cancellous core, but share this feature with other derived and primitive taxa. Cortical thickness overlaps among groups, so a thick cortex is not diagnostic for polacanthines. Specialized elements diverge histologically from the primitive condition to suit their specific functions. Some shapes and external textures are diagnostic for specific taxa, such as Ankylosaurus and Glyptodontopelta. Parsimony analyses suggest osteodermal support for a monophyletic Polacanthinae (excluding Mymoorapelta) and Shamosaurinae.