Abbreviations

Coelotes atropos (Walckenaer)

No coelotine has ever been described in detail. A representative species, Coelotes atropos, which is a relatively common European species and the type species of the genus Coelotes, was chosen here for detailed description.

Body form (fig. 5): Ecribellate spiders. Total length about 9.00–12.0 (female) and 8.00–9.50 (male). Carapace elongate, reddish brown, moderately narrowed in ocular area, sparsely covered with short, long black setae; few strong setae on clypeus, ocular area, and middle carapace; longitudinal fovea moderately depressed. Legs moderately long, strong. Abdomen dark brown, with dark maculation, heavily covered with short setae. Spinnerets moderately elongated.

Eyes (fig. 6): From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smaller than ALE, ALE slightly larger than PLE, PME subequal to PLE, slightly larger than AME; AME may be separated by their diameter or slightly less than their diameter, AME-ALE slightly shorter than AME-AME, PME separated by their diameter, PME-PLE widely separated by 1.5–2.0 PLE diameter, lateral eyes close together; AME-PME separated by PME diameter.

Clypeus (fig. 6): Height two times AME diameter, covered with long, strong setae; chilum divided, hairless.

Chelicerae (figs. 6–8, 12–19): Three promarginal teeth, with middle one largest, and three retromarginal teeth, subequal in size (fig. 8); condyle large (figs. 7, 8); cheliceral glands open distally near base of fang on both dorsal and ventral sides, gland openings situated inside striated grooves (figs. 13, 14); dorsal chelicerae covered with long setae, with strongly elevated base (figs. 6, 7); chelicerae ventrally flat, with proximal short setae and inner long, fine setae (figs. 8, 12, 15, 16); fangs moderately long (figs. 8, 18, 19); venom gland large, reaching middle of thorax; anterior face of chelicerae covered with dense, long, strong setae (figs. 8, 17).

Endites (fig. 9): Rectangular, with anterior scopula and linear serrula.

Labium (fig. 9): Rectangular, slightly longer than wide, slightly notched distally.

Sternum (fig. 11): Shield-shaped, sparsely covered with long dark setae (setae not in figure), heavily sclerotized.

Legs (figs. 20–30): Legs medium to long. I, IV longest, almost subequal, leg III shortest; length of 1st leg patella+tibia shorter than carapace length; trochanters not notched or with very weak notch; tibiae with about four rows of trichobothria; metatarsi and tarsi with one row of trichobothria, their length gradually increasing distally; trichobothria with large hoods transversely striated, small hoods smooth. Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, slightly anterior of most distal trichobothrium. Tarsi with three claws, superior tarsal claws with 10–12 teeth, inferior tarsal claws usually with 2–3 teeth; scopulae absent; leg spination often varies among individuals, typical leg spination pattern: femur: I p0–0–2, d1–1–1(0); II p0–0–1, r0–0–2, d1–1–1(0); III p0–1–2, r0–0–1, d1–1–0; IV p0–0–1, d1–1–0; patella: p1(0), r1(0), d1(0); tibia: I p0–0–0(1), r0–0–2, v2–2–2; II p1–1–0, v2–2–2; III, IV p1–1–0, r1–1–0, v2–2–2; metatarsus: I p0–0–0(1), v2–2–2; II p0–1–2, v2–2–2; III p1–2–2, r1–2–2, v2–2–2; IV p1(2)-2–2, r1(2)-2–2, v2–2–2; tarsus: III, IV p1–1–0, r1–1–0.

Trachea (fig. 31): Simple, limited to abdomen; median spiracle situated close to spinnerets and connected to relatively narrow atrium from which two lateral and two median tubes arise.

Spinnerets (figs. 32–37): Colulus absent; ALS cylindrical, apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP) at mesal margins, 15–30 piriform gland spigots; PMS with spigots situated on distal half of segment, both sexes PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP), 30–50 aciniform gland spigots (AC), female PMS with 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY); PLS with second segment about same length as first segment, with 30–40 aciniform gland spigots in both sexes, and 2 cylindrical gland spigots in female.

Female genitalia (figs. 38–43): Epigynal teeth short, situated on lateral atrium; atrium reduced to atrial slits; copulatory ducts short; spermathecal heads short, broad, situated anteriorly; spermathecae longitudinally elongated with indistinct stalks and bases.

Male genitalia (figs. 44–54): Palpal femur long, with three strong spines dorsally, femoral apophysis absent; patella short, with long, strong dorsal spine; patellar apophysis broad; tibia short, almost same length as patella, with three conspicuous strong spines on prolateral side; retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) extended along tibia length, with distal end slightly extended beyond tibia; a small apophysis, called lateral tibial apophysis here, arises from tibia retrolaterally on dorsal side of RTA, and differs both in morphology and position with the dorsal tibial apophysis in other taxa, such as some phyxelidine species (Griswold, 1990) and amaurobiid species (Leech, 1972); cymbium long, strongly extended anteriorly beyond alveolus, with many conspicuous, long spines on distal and prolateral surfaces; cymbial furrow short, less than half cymbial length, with dorsal edge slightly concave; a rectangular sclerotization of the distal tegular surface, called tegular sclerite here, is present and unique for coelotines; treated tegular sclerite as radix (Bennett, 1987) was not appropriate because radix usually refers to the proximal segment connecting the embolus to the tegulum (Gering, 1953; Comstock, 1910); conductor short; an apophysis arises dorsally on the conductor, which has been described as terminal apophysis (Bennett, 1987), is here called the conductor dorsal apophysis; terminal apophysis often related to embolus rather than to conductor (Comstock, 1910; Sierwald, 1990); conductor dorsal apophysis broad, with rough surface; conductor lamella moderately developed; embolus moderately long, prolateral in origin; median apophysis spoonlike, short, rounded, with smooth distal end.

Coelotinae General Morphology

Within coelotines, both male and female somatic structures are relatively uniform; this condition offers few characters for identification and phylogenetic analysis of species and genera. However, a few characters vary within coelotines, as discussed here.

Eyes: Coelotines often have AME smaller than ALE. AME are much smaller than ALE (e.g., Bifidocoelotes, fig. 90) or slightly smaller (e.g., Himalcoelotes martensi, fig. 270). In Coras, AME are larger than ALE (fig. 147).

Cheliceral teeth: In most coelotines, the promargins of the chelicerae are relatively constant with three teeth, but in Leptocoelotes, Robusticoelotes, and Spiricoelotes, there are more than four teeth (figs. 301, 356, 365). The cheliceral retromargin varies from two (e.g., Ambanus and Wadotes, figs. 63, 418) to three (e.g., Coelotes and Paracoelotes, figs. 8, 329), four (e.g., Coronilla and Leptocoelotes, figs. 170, 301), or even more than five teeth (e.g., Robusticoelotes and Spiricoelotes, figs. 356, 365).

Trichobothria and tarsal organ: The distribution of trichobothria in coelotines is like that of C. atropos. The tarsal organ is usually situated close to the distal end of tarsus and anterior to the most distal trichobothrium (as in most coelotines, figs. 28, 172, 391). However, there are variations. In examined species of Draconarius, the tarsal organ is situated far from the distal end and close to the second most distal trichobothrium or even farther proximally (figs. 186, 202); in Femoracoelotes (figs. 234, 235), the tarsal organ is near the third most distal trichobothrium; in Leptocoelotes, it is near distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 305, 306). The tarsal organ was not seen in examined specimens of Platocoelotes (figs. 343, 345).

Spinnerets: The types of spigots are constant in coelotines, but the number varies among genera and species and between sexes: the number of piriform gland spigots on the ALS varies from about 15 to 110, and the number of aciniform gland spigots on the PMS and PLS also varies from 20 to 120; both the PMS and PLS usually have 2 cylindrical gland spigots, but Paracoelotes has 3 or 4 cylindrical gland spigots on PMS (fig. 334), and 3 cylindrical gland spigots were seen on Ambanus PLS (fig. 66).

Coelotinae Genitalic Morphology

Taxa

For the ingroup, all 20 coelotine genera were included in the analysis. Two putatively closely related amaurobiid genera, Tamgrinia and Amaurobius, were chosen as outgroup taxa to root the tree.

Characters

For the character analysis, taxa from the Amaurobiidae, Agelenidae, Dictynidae, Hahniidae, Phyxelididae, and Titanoecidae were examined. This permitted a better understanding of coelotine characters and helped determine which are unique to the subfamily Coelotinae. After extensive search for characters that might resolve relationships of the coelotine genera, 31 characters were used.

Character coding for each terminal is mainly based on an exemplar species, which in most cases is the type species of the genus. Exceptions are the amaurobiid genus Tamgrinia (type species with only the male described) and the coelotine genus Draconarius (type species not available). As a result, T. laticeps (Schenkel, 1963) and D. wudangensis (Chen and Zhao, 1997) were chosen as exemplars. All multistate characters were treated as unordered. Missing or inapplicable data were coded as –. A list of characters follows:

Character 0. Cheliceral promarginal teeth: (0) three; (1) four or more. State 1 is present in Robusticoelotes, Spiricoelotes, Leptocoelotes, and Amaurobius.

Character 1. Cheliceral retromargin teeth: (0) two; (1) three; (2) four; (3) five or more. State 1 is present in most coelotine species, including Tegecoelotes, Coelotes, Eurocoelotes, Urocoras, Coras, and Paracoelotes. State 2 is known only in Coronilla, Femoracoelotes, and Aisacoelotes. Robusticoelotes, Leptocoelotes, and Spiricoelotes have more than four retromarginal teeth. All other coelotines known have two retromarginal teeth.

Character 2. AMS: (0) cribellum; (1) hairs. All known coelotines are ecribellate spiders.

Character 3. Calamistrum: (0) present; (1) absent. Coelotines lack a calamistrum.

Character 4. PLS with second segment: (0) short; (1) long. Ecribellate coelotines have the second segment of PLS at least as long as the first segment or longer.

Character 5. PMS cylindrical spigots: (0) two; (1) three or four. Paracoelotes has at least three cylindrical gland spigots on PMS, and Tamgrinia has four.

Character 6. Epigynal atrium: (0) large (fig. 57); (1) small. The large atrium occurs in Coronilla, Ambanus, and Robusticoelotes. Femoracoelotes, Tonsilla, Paracoelotes, and Draconarius also have a large atrium, although it is not as big as in the former three genera. All other known coelotines have the atrium reduced to atrial slits.

Character 7. Posterior extension of anterior atrial margin: (0) absent; (1) present (fig. 323). State 1 occures only in Tonsilla and Paracoelotes.

Character 8. Atrial septum: (0) absent; (1) present. State 1 is present only in Tamgrinia and Coronilla (figs. 158, 159).

Character 9. Epigynal teeth: (0) absent; (1) present. State 1 is present in most coelotines (fig. 38), but is absent in Coronilla, Femoracoelotes, Ambanus, Robusticoelotes, Longicoelotes, Platocoelotes, and Spiricoelotes.

Character 10. Epigynal teeth: (0) one; (1) two. Only Bifidocoelotes and Wadotes have one epigynal tooth.

Character 11. Epigynal teeth: (0) short; (1) strongly elongated. State 1 is found only in Himalcoelotes and Urocoras (fig. 265).

Character 12. Epigynal teeth: (0) slender; (1) broad. Only Tegecoelotes and Leptocoelotes have broad epigynal teeth (figs. 296, 375).

Character 13. Copulatory ducts: (0) small; (1) large. Copulatory ducts small in Longicoelotes, Leptocoelotes, Tegecoelotes, Coelotes, Himalcoelotes, Coras, Asiacoelotes, Platocoelotes, and Spiricoelotes (fig. 39). Other known coelotines have large copulatory ducts (fig. 324).

Character 14. Spermathecae: (0) short (fig. 39); (1) strongly elongated, highly convoluted together; (2) strongly elongated, loosely convoluted. State 1 found only in Coras (fig. 138). State 2 found only in Draconarius, Asiacoelotes, Bifidocoelotes, Spiricoelotes, and Platocoelotes (fig. 71).

Character 15. Patellar apophysis: (0) absent; (1) present. In these data, state 1 is found in all Coelotinae (fig. 45) except Ambanus and Eurocoelotes.

Character 16. Lateral tibial apophysis: (0) absent; (1) present. In these data, state 1 is found in all coelotines (fig. 304), except Coronilla and Robusticoelotes.

Character 17. Anterior part of lateral tibia: (0) normal; (1) modified with small concavity. State 1 is present in Ambanus and Wadotes (figs. 60, 413).

Character 18. Tibia lateral surface modification: (0) absent; (1) present. State 1 found only in some Coras species and Robusticoelotes (figs. 146, 354).

Character 19. Cymbial furrow: (0) absent; (1) present. State 1 found in all known Coelotinae (fig. 45).

Character 20. Cymbial furrow: (0) short, less than half cymbial length (fig. 45); (1) long, more than half cymbial length in Draconarius, Asiacoelotes, Bifidocoelotes, Spiricoelotes, and Platocoelotes (fig. 89).

Character 21. Tegular sclerite: (0) absent; (1) longitudinally situated on tegulum. State 1 found in all known Coelotinae (fig. 44).

Character 22. Conductor lamella: (0) absent; (1) present. State found in all known Coelotinae (figs. 72, 108).

Character 23. Conductor lamella: (0) small (fig. 108); (1) large. State 1 found only in Wadotes, Draconarius, Asiacoelotes, Bifidocoelotes, Spiricoelotes, and Platocoelotes (fig. 72).

Character 24. Conductor dorsal apophysis: (0) absent in Leptocoelotes, Paracoelotes, Urocoras, Asiacoelotes, and Spiricoelotes; (1) present in most coelotines (figs. 44, 213, 214).

Character 25. Embolic base: (0) prolateral or anterior in origin (fig. 44); (1) posterior in origin. State 1 found only in Draconarius, Asiacoelotes, Bifidocoelotes, Spiricoelotes, and Platocoelotes (fig. 72).

Character 26. Embolus: (0) short (fig. 44); (1) extremely long. State 1 found only in Draconarius, Asiacoelotes, Bifidocoelotes, Spiricoelotes, and Platocoelotes (fig. 72).

Character 27. Embolus: (0) linear; (1) broad, as in Femoracoelotes, Ambanus, Robusticoelotes, and Urocoras (fig. 59).

Character 28. Median apophysis: (0) absent; (1) present. Most coelotines have a median apophysis (figs. 44, 162, 386), but it is absent in Femoracoelotes, Leptocoelotes, Platocoelotes, and Spiricoelotes (figs. 303, 304).

Character 29. Median apophysis: (0) not spoonlike (fig. 162); (1) spoonlike, as in most coelotines, including Coelotes, Eurocoelotes, Coras, Himalcoelotes, Urocoras, Tonsilla, Paracoelotes, Wadotes, Draconarius, Asiacoelotes, and Bifidocoelotes (fig. 44).

Character 30. Spoonlike median apophysis: (0) with smooth, rounded distal end (fig. 44); (1) with strongly extended distal end, as in Coras, Tonsilla, Paracoelotes, Wadotes, Draconarius, and Asiacoelotes (fig. 386).

Analysis

The data (fig. 55) were first run using Hennig86, version 1.5 (Farris, 1988) using the mh* and bb* tree-generating algorithms and branch swapping, which produced a total of 2102 cladograms (length 70, CI 0.48, RI 0.63). This suggests that some characters are homoplasious, and as a result do not deserve as much weight as others. Two rounds of successive approximations weighting (Farris, 1969) produced a stable solution of 60 cladograms, with length 202, CI 0.87, and RI 0.94. Among these resulting cladograms, 19 have the genus Tegecoelotes sister to node 5 (of the preferred tree, fig. 56), but they were supported only by a highly homoplasious character (presence of three retromarginal cheliceral teeth). Of the remaining 41 trees, 20 of them support a sister-group relationship between the genera Leptocoelotes and Tegecoelotes based on broad epigynal teeth. The broad epigynal teeth of Tegecoelotes are strong, highly sclerotized, whereas the genus Leptocoelotes has weak, slightly sclerotized epigynal teeth. The differences between these two genera in epigynal teeth and male palp suggest that they may not form a monophyletic group.

In 8 of the remaining 19 trees, a highly homoplasious character (presence of three retromarginal cheliceral teeth) weakly supports either the relationship among Coras, Coelotes, Eurocoelotes, node 12, or the relationship among Coelotes, Eurocoelotes, node 12. In 9 other trees, the genus Coras and node 11 (genera Tonsilla and Paracoelotes) remain unresolved either with Coelotes, Eucoelotes, node 12, or with node 8.

The differences between the remaining four cladograms are only in the relationship of node 9 taxa. Two show Bifidocoelotes as sister to Platocoelotes + Spiricoelotes, but they were weakly supported by the smooth distal end of the median apophysis (median apophysis absent in both Platocoelotes and Spiricoelotes). Two remaining cladograms, after collapsing an unsupported clade, are the same topology, which was chosen as the preferred tree for final analysis (fig. 56).

Implied weighting (Goloboff, 1993a) using PeeWee, version 2.6 (Goloboff, 1997), with the concavity function settings 1–5 of the homoplasy, found the same eight trees, and one of them is same as figure 56 except that Asiacoelotes is weakly supported as sister group to Platocoelotes + Spiricoelotes by the presence of small copulatory ducts. The concavity function setting 6 also found 8 trees but three of them are different from the setting 1–5 trees. One of the “setting 6 trees” is same as figure 56 except that Tegecoelotes is supported as sister group to Leptocoelotes, and Asiacoelotes is weakly supported as sister group to Platocoelotes + Spiricoelotes.

Successive approximations weighting on the trees produced by Nona, version 1.8 (Goloboff, 1993b) resulted in 8 trees and stabilized in the second iteration. One of them is same as figure 56 except that Tegecoelotes is weakly supported as sister group to node 5 by the presence of three retromarginal cheliceral teeth, and Asiacoelotes is weakly supported as sister group to Platocoelotes + Spiricoelotes by the presence of small copulatory ducts. The remaining cladograms show no improvements when compared to the preferred tree (fig. 56).

Conclusions

The subfamily Coelotinae is resolved at node 1, supported by loss of the cribellum and calmistrum and by the presence of the elongated PLS second segment, the patellar apophysis (secondarily lost in Ambanus and Eurocoelotes), the cymbial furrow, the longitudinally extended tegular sclerite on the tegulum, the conductor lamella at the conductor base, and the conductor dorsal apophysis (lost in Leptocoelotes, Paracoelotes, Urocoras, Eurocoelotes, and Asiacoelotes).

Within the Coelotinae, Coronilla and Femoracoelotes are united at node 14 as the sister group of all other coelotines; this is supported by the presence of four cheliceral retromargin teeth (paralleled in Asiacoelotes).

The presence of a small apophysis on the lateral side of the tibia (lateral tibial apophysis) unites the remaining coelotines at node 2.

Ambanus + Robusticoelotes (node 13) is supported by the broad embolus (parallel in Femoracoelotes and Urocoras), and is the sister group to other node 2 coelotines.

Two characters, reduced atrium (reversed to large atrium in Draconarius, Tonsilla, and Paracoelotes) and small copulatory ducts (reversed to large copulatory ducts in Eurocoelotes, Urocoras, Wadotes, Draconarius, Bifidocoelotes, Tonsilla, and Paracoelotes), support a group (at node 3) including Longicoelotes plus all coelotines with epigynal teeth at node 4.

Node 4 is supported by presence of epigynal teeth on the female epigynum (lost in Platocoelotes and Spiricoelotes) and by the presence of three cheliceral retromarginal teeth (highly homoplasious, reversed to two, four, or five teeth in nine genera).

Node 4 comprises most coelotine species, with Leptocoelotes and Tegecoelotes remaining unresolved. Although both Leptocoelotes and Tegecoelotes have broad epigynal teeth, they may not be homologous. In fact, the broad epigynal teeth of Leptocoelotes are very weak, less sclerotized, whereas those of Tegecoelotes are robust and highly sclerotized.

The remaining node 4 coelotines cluster together at node 5 by presence of a spoonlike median apophysis and slender, normal epigynal teeth. Coelotes and Eurocoelotes remain unresolved here with node 12 and node 6.

The presence of strongly elongated epigynal teeth clusters Himalcoelotes and Urocoras at node 12.

Node 6 is supported by strongly extended distal end of the median apophysis (reversed to smooth, rounded distal end in the genus Bifidocoelotes).

Node 11 and node 8 are united together at node 7 by presence of large copulatory ducts (reverse to small copulatory ducts in Asiacoelotes, Platocoelotes, and Spiricoelotes). Tonsilla and Paracoelotes are monophyletic, supported at node 11 by presence of a large atrium and posteriorly extended anterior atrial margin.

Node 8 is supported by presence of two cheliceral retromarginal teeth (reversed to four or five teeth in Asiacoelotes and Spiricoelotes) and by strongly developed, enlarged conductor lamella at the conductor base. This node supports the sister-group relationship between Wadotes and the node 9 coelotines.

Node 9 is supported by strongly elongated spermathecal tubes, long, strongly extended cymbial furrow, posteriorly originating embolic base, and long embolus. The genera Draconarius, Asiacoelotes, and Bifidocoelotes remain unresolved. The absence of both epigynal teeth and median apophysis unites Platocoelotes and Spiricoelotes at node 10.

Coelotinae F.O.P.-Cambridge

Diagnosis: Ecribellate spiders. Coelotines differ from other amaurobiids by the following combination of characters: the presence of patellar apophyses, a cymbial furrow, the tegular sclerite, a conductor lamella, the spoonlike median apophysis (in most species) of males (figs. 44–46), and the distinct epigynal teeth (in most species) of females (fig. 38). The female spinnerets have 2 cylindrical gland spigots on the PMS (except some species of Paracoelotes, with 3 or 4 cylindrical spigots) and 2 on PLS (except some species of Ambanus, with 3 cylindrical spigots). The PLS are long, with the second segment at least the length of the first segment (figs. 31, 81, 82, 373, 374).

Distribution: Coelotine spiders are common in North America west to the Rocky Mountains and north to southern Canada, in Europe north to southern Sweden and Finland, and in Asia north to southern far eastern Russia and south to Nepal and northern Vietnam (fig. 1).

Composition: Twenty genera, including 10 new genera.

KEY TO GENERA

AMBANUS OVTCHINNIKOV

Type Species: Ambanus mandzhuricus Ovtchinnikov, 1999, by original designation.

Diagnosis: Females resemble Robusticoelotes in having a large epigynal atrium, broad copulatory ducts, and in lacking epigynal teeth, but they have short, posteriorly situated spermathecae (figs. 57, 58). Males lack a patellar apophysis and have a modified lateral tibial apophysis (figs. 59–61). Both sexes have only three promarginal and two retromarginal cheliceral teeth (fig. 63), unlike those of Robusticoelotes, which have more than five promarginal and retromarginal cheliceral teeth.

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: Northeastern China, far eastern Russia, Japan, Korea (map 1).

Composition: Eighteen species are included, including 6 new combinations.

1. Ambanus amurensis Ovtchinnikov, 1999: female holotype from Khaborovsk, far eastern Russia, in CSO, not examined.

2. Ambanus bifidus (Paik, 1976): female holotype from Mt. Kaya, Korea, in Kyungpook National University, Korea, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

3. Ambanus circinalis (Gao et al., 1993): One male paratype from Liaoning, China, in IZB, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

4. Ambanus dimidiatus (Paik, 1974): male holotype, male and female paratypes from Mt. Pargong, Dongwha-sa, Korea, in Kyungpook National University, Korea, not examined.

5. Ambanus euini (Paik, 1976): female holotype and paratypes from Mt. Ilwol, Korea, in Kyungpook National University, Korea, not examined.

6. Ambanus grandivulvus (Yaginuma, 1969): female holotype from Mt. Mitake, Tsushima, Nagasaki, in NSMT, examined.

7. Ambanus kayasanensis (Paik, 1972): male holotype from Korea, in Kyungpook National University, Korea, not examined.

8. Ambanus kimi (Paik, 1974): male holotype and paratypes from Mt. Kaya and Mt. Pargong, Korea, in Kyungpook National University, Korea, not examined.

9. Ambanus lunatus (Paik, 1976): female holotype and paratypes from Mt. Sokkri and Kwangreung, Korea, in Kyungpook National University, Korea, not examined. One female specimen from Korea, in KAI, examined.

10. Ambanus mandzhuricus Ovtchinnikov, 1999: male and female paratypes from Kedrovaya Pad Reservation, S-Primorie, far eastern Russia, in SZM, examined.

11. Ambanus meniscatus (Zhu and Wang, 1991): female holotype and paratypes from Tonghua, Jilin, China, in NBUMS, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

12. Ambanus napolovi Ovtchinnikov, 1999: male and female paratypes from Jasnoje viu, Przhewalsky Mts. East end, S-Primorie, far eastern Russia, in AMNH, examined).

13. Ambanus ovatus (Paik, 1976): female holotype from Mt. So-Paik, Korea, in Kyungpook National University, Korea, not examined.

14. Ambanus paiki Ovtchinnikov, 1999: male and female paratypes from far eastern Russia, in SZM, examined.

15. Ambanus paikwunensis (Kim and Jung, 1993): male holotype and female paratype from Mt. Paikwunsan Valley, Ildong-myon, Pochon-gun, Korea, in KAI, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

16. Ambanus quadrativulvus (Paik, 1974): male holotype, male and female paratypes from Paikrok-dam, Mt. Hanra, Quelpart Isl., Korea, in Kyungpook National University, Korea, not examined. Male and female specimens from Cheju-do, Korea, in KAI, examined.

17. Ambanus rostratus (Song et al., 1993): male paratype from Huanren, Liaoning, China, in IZB, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes). One female specimen from Liaoning, China, in IZB, examined.

18. Ambanus terdecimus (Paik, 1978): female holotype from Waheyonri, Geoje-do, Kyungnam, Korea, in Kyungpook National University, Korea, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Ambanus mandzhuricus Ovtchinnikov Figures 57–63

Diagnosis: This species is similar to A. paiki Ovtchinnikov but can be distinguished by the shape of copulatory ducts and the dorsally situated spermathecal heads of females (fig. 58) and by the different shape of the embolus and the broad conductor of males (figs. 59–61).

Description: Total length 10.0–12.0. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smallest, about half ALE size or slightly larger, ALE subequal to PLE or slightly larger, PME slightly smaller than PLE; AME-AME subequal to AME-ALE, ALE-PLE close together, PLE-PME roughly PLE diameter, PME-PME roughly AME diameter (fig. 62). Clypeal height slightly more than twice AME diameter; chilum present, divided, elongated. Chelicerae with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth (fig. 63). Labium slightly longer than wide. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia shorter than carapace length.

Tarsal organ and trichobothria not examined. Tarsal organ of Ambanus napolovi (from far eastern Russia) situated close to distal end of tarsus, anterior of distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 67–69).

Spinnerets not examined. Female spinnerets of A. napolovi: apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 20 piriform gland spigots; PMS with at least 57 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY), and 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP); PLE with at least 78 aciniform gland spigots and 3 cylindrical gland spigots (figs. 64–66). Spinnerets of A. rostratus also showed 3 cylindrical gland spigots on female PLS.

Female epigynum without epigynal teeth; atrium large, deep; copulatory ducts broad; spermathecal heads small, situated laterad of spermathecae; spermathecae short, slightly convoluted, with indistinct stalks and bases (figs. 57, 58). Male palp with patellar apophysis absent; RTA moderately long, with distal end slightly extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis modified to small concavity on distal tibia; cymbial furrow short, shallow, with dorsal edge not apparent; tegular sclerite more or less unsclerotized; conductor broad; conductor dorsal apophysis small; conductor lamella small; embolus basal in origin, strong, long, with spiral apex; median apophysis reduced (figs. 59–61).

Material Examined: RUSSIA: Far East: S-Primorie, “Kedrovaya Pad” Reservation, August 31, 1978, 1 male and 1 female paratype (D. Sherbakov, SZM); S-Primorie, “Kedrovaya Pad” Reservation, June 27, 1976, 1 male and 1 female paratype (B. P. Zakharov, SZM).

ASIACOELOTES, NEW GENUS

Type Species: Coelotes xinhuiensis Chen, 1984.

Etymology: The generic name derives from its similarity to Coelotes and distribution in East Asia, and is masculine in gender.

Diagnosis: This genus resembles Draconarius in having an elongated cymbial furrow, a long, slender embolus, and long, strongly convoluted spermathecae. Females can be distinguished by the broad, closely situated spermathecae (figs. 70, 71), males by the absence of the conductor dorsal apophysis (figs. 72–74).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: China, Japan, Korea (map 2).

Composition: Fifteen species are included, all are new combinations. Three new synonyms are recognized.

1. Asiacoelotes acco (Nishikawa, 1987): male holotype, male and female paratypes from Komori-ana Mine, Utobara, Futtsu-shi, Chiba, Japan, in NSMT and in the Arachnological Society of Japan, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

2. Asiacoelotes dicranatus (Wang et al., 1990): female holotype and male paratype from Jiangsu, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

The species Coelotes cinctus Zhu et al., 1993, with male and female paratypes from Dandong, Liaoning, China, in IZB, examined, is placed as a junior synonym of A. dicranatus (because of the identical male and female genitalic morphology). new synonymy.

The species Coelotes paradicranatus Song et al., 1993, with male paratypes from Qingyuan, Liaoning, in IZB, examined, is placed as a junior synonym of A. dicranatus (because of the identical male genitalic morphology). new synonymy.

3. Asiacoelotes ensifer (Wang and Ono, 1998): male holotype and female paratype from Nantou, Taiwan, in NSMT, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

4. Asiacoelotes illustratus (Wang et al., 1990): male and female paratypes from Changsha, Hunan, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

5. Asiacoelotes insidiosus (L. Koch, 1878): male holotype from Japan, depository unknown, not examined. Male and female specimens from Japan, in CAS, AMNH, and SMF, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

The species Coelotes curtus (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906): female holotype from Saga, Japan, in SMF, examined, is placed as a junior synonym of A. insidiosus (L. Koch) (because of the identical female genitalic morphology). new synonymy.

6. Asiacoelotes interunus (Nishikawa, 1977): male holotype, male and female paratypes from Minoo, Osaka, Japan, in the Osaka Natural History Museum and in the Arachnological Society of Japan, not examined. One male specimen from Japan, in ZMB, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

7. Asiacoelotes longus (Wang, Tso and Wu, 2001): male holotype from Nantou, Taiwan, in THU, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

8. Asiacoelotes montivagus (Wang and Ono, 1998): male holotype and female paratype from Taichung, Taiwan, in NSMT, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

9. Asiacoelotes pengi (Ovtchinnikov, 1999): female holotype from Yuelushan, Changsha, Hunan, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes). This species was initially described as Coelotes ovatus by Peng and Wang (1997), p. 330, and is a homomym of C. ovatus Paik, 1976.

10. Asiacoelotes songminjae (Paik and Yaginuma, 1969): female holotype from Yeongchi-gul Cave, Korea, in NSMT, not examined. Male and female specimens from Korea, in KAI and AMNH, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

11. Asiacoelotes tengchihensis (Wang and Ono, 1998): female holotype from Mt. Tengchih, Tao-Yuan-hsinang, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in NSMT, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

12. Asiacoelotes tropidosatus (Wang and Zhu, 1991): female holotype from Changchun, Jilin, China, in NBUMS, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

13. Asiacoelotes xinhuiensis (Chen, 1984): female holotype and female paratype from Xinhui, Guangdong, China, in HTC, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

14. Asiacoelotes yaeyamensis (Shimojana, 1982): male holotype, male and female paratypes from Banna-dake, Ishigaki, Okinaea, Japan, in the Arachnological Society of Japan and in Shimojana's personal Collection, Japan, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

15. Asiacoelotes yushanensis (Wang and Ono, 1998): female holotype from Tatachia, Nantou, in NSMT, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Asiacoelotes xinhuiensis (Chen) Figures 70–85

Diagnosis: This species resembles A. songminjae (Paik and Yaginuma) (in Paik et al., 1969; Paik, 1971) but can be distinguished by the distinct shape of spermathecae of females (figs. 70, 71) and by the presence of a small apophysis retrolaterally on the tegular sclerite of males (figs. 72, 73).

Description: Small, total length 4.50–8.00. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved. Eye sizes and arrangements: AME slightly smaller than ALE, ALE subequal to PLE, PME subequal to AME or slightly larger than AME; AME separated by roughly their radius, AME-ALE and ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE separated by roughly PLE diameter, PME-PME separated by roughly their diameter. Clypeal height about twice AME diameter or slightly less; chilum divided, elongated (fig. 75). Chelicerae with three promarginal, four retromarginal teeth (fig. 76). Labium slightly wider than long. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia subequal to carapace length.

Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, anterior of distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 77–79). Apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), about 28–33 piriform gland spigots (PI) in both sexes; PMS with 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP) in both sexes, about 9–10 aciniform gland spigots (AC) in both sexes, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY) in female; PLS with about 13–16 aciniform gland spigots in both sexes, 2 cylindrical gland spigots in female (figs. 80–85).

Female epigynum with epigynal teeth short, anteriorly situated; atrium reduced to atrial slit; copulatory ducts short; spermathecal heads small; spermathecae with stalks strongly elongated, highly convoluted; spermathecal bases small (figs. 70, 71). Male palp with one patellar apophysis; RTA long, occupying almost tibial length, with distal end extended well beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis present; cymbial furrow strongly elongated, with distal end strongly extended beyond cymbium, dorsal edge strongly concave; conductor long, slender; conductor dorsal apophysis absent; conductor lamella large; embolus posterior in origin, extremely long, linear; median apophysis spoonlike, with distal end sharply pointed (figs. 72–74).

Material Examined: CHINA: Guangdong: Xinhui, November 27, 1981, female holotype and female paratype (Z. H. Zhang, HTC); Guangzhou, campus of the Southern China Teachers University, August 29, 1997, later molted to adult, 1 male (X. P. Wang, AMNH); Dinghushan, January 1982, 1 male (A. Payne, MCZ); Xiquio, January 1982, 1 male (A. Payne, MCZ). Guangxi: Damingshan, August 10, 1982, female holotype of Coelotes atratus (J. F. Wang, HBI). Hong Kong: Tianpingshan, October 14, 1997, later molted to adults, 1 male and 3 females (X. P. Wang, 1 male and 2 females in HTU; 1 female in MCB). Taiwan: Taipei, Quan In-shua, March 26, 1961, 1 female (E. Schlinger, AMNH); Nantou Hsien, Tatachia, 2480 m alt., March 4, 1991, 1 female (H. Ono, NSMT, NSMT-Ar.3424); Taichung Hsien, Mt. Chuanhsing-shan, 1590 m alt., March 2, 1991, 1 female (H. Ono, NSMT, NSMT-Ar.3445); Kaohsiung Hsien, Taoyuan-hsiang, Paoshan-tsun, Mt. Tengchih, 1804 m alt., November 1, 1989, 1 male (H. Ono, NSMT, NSMT-Ar.3442); Taipei Hsien, Wulai, 300–400 m alt., November 27, 1989, 1 male (H. Ono, NSMT, NSMT-Ar.3452); Sozan, March 29, 1932, 1 male and 1 female (MCZ).

Distribution: Southern China.

BIFIDOCOELOTES, NEW GENUS

Type Species: Coelotes bifida Wang, Tso and Wu, 2001

Etymology: The generic name derives from its similarity to Coelotes and from the bifurcated epigynal teeth of females, and is masculine in gender.

Diagnosis: Females can be easily recognized by their bifurcated epigynal teeth (fig. 86); males have a broad, bifid conductor and a small, rounded spoonlike median apophysis (figs. 88, 89). Both sexes have three promarginal and two retromarginal cheliceral teeth (fig. 91).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: China (map 3).

Composition: Two species are included. Both of them are new combinations.

1. Bifidocoelotes bifida (Wang, Tso and Wu, 2001): female holotype and male paratype from Nantou, Taiwan, in THU, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

2. Bifidocoelotes primus (Fox, 1937): female holotype and female paratype from Hong Kong, China, in AMNH and USNM, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Bifidocoelotes bifida (Wang, Tso, and Wu, 2001) Figures 86–100

Diagnosis: Females differ from B. primus by the anteriorly situated copulatory openings, the different shape of bifurcated epigynal teeth, the large copulatory ducts, the short spermathecal heads, and the longitudinally elongated spermathecae (figs. 86, 87), males have the broad, bifid conductor and small, rounded spoonlike median apophysis (figs. 88, 89).

Description: Total length 4.00–9.50. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smallest, about half ALE size or smaller, ALE largest, PLE slightly smaller than ALE, PME slightly smaller than PLE; AME-AME slightly shorter than their diameter, AME-ALE and ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE almost subequal to PME-PME or slightly longer, about size of PLE radius. Clypeal height slightly more than twice AME diameter; chilum divided, elongated (fig. 90). Chelicerae with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth (fig. 91). Labium slightly shorter than wide. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia shorter than carapace length.

Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, anterior of distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 98–100). Apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 8–13 piriform gland spigots (PI) in both sexes; PMS with 7–10 aciniform gland spigots (AC) in both sexes, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY) in female, both sexes PMS with minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP) not apparent; PLE with 7–11 aciniform gland spigots in both sexes and 2 cylindrical gland spigots in female (figs. 92–97).

Female epigynum with single bifurcated epigynal teeth; atrium small, situated anteriorly; copulatory ducts large; spermathecal heads situated mesad of spermathecae; spermathecae elongated, convoluted, widely separated, with indistinct stalks and bases (figs. 86, 87). Male palp with large patellar apophysis; RTA long, with distal end broad, not extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis small; cymbial furrow long, with dorsal edge strongly concave and distal end slightly extend beyond cymbium; conductor strong, more or less spiral, with bifurcated apex; conductor dorsal edge with broad membranous extension; conductor dorsal apophysis small; conductor lamella large; embolus posterior in origin, very long; median apophysis spoonlike, small, with distal end smooth (figs. 88, 89).

Material Examined: CHINA: Taiwan: Nantou County, Huei-Sun Experimental Forest, elevation 1680 m, March 31, 1998, female holotype (Hai-Yin Wu; THU, THU-Ar-990017); Nantou County, Huei-Sun Experimental Forest, March 31, 1998, 1 male paratype (Hai-Yin Wu; THU, THU-Ar-990020); Nantou County, Huei-Sun Experimental Forest, elevation 1680 m, March 31, 1998, 1 male (Hai-Yin Wu, THU, THU-Ar-990019); Nantou County, Huei-Sun Experimental Forest, elevation 1675 m, March 31, 1998, 1 male (Hai-Yin Wu, THU, THU-Ar-990026); Nantou County, Huei-Sun Experimental Forest, elevation 1550 m, March 31, 1998, 1 female (Hai-Yin Wu, THU, THU-Ar-990027).

Distribution: China (Taiwan).

COELOTES BLACKWALL

Type Species: Clubiona saxatilis Blackwall, 1833, by original designation, which is a junior synonym of Drassus atropos Walckenaer, 1830. Male neotype and female paraneotypes of C. atropos designated by de Blauwe (1973), deposited in Collection W. Kulczyn'ski, l'Institut de Zoologie P.A.N. de Varsovie, Poland, not examined.

Diagnosis: Females resemble Eurocoelotes but have lateral epigynal teeth, a small atrium, and short copulatory ducts (figs. 38, 39, 101, 102, 113, 114, 127, 128). Males also resemble Eurocoelotes in having a conductor dorsal apophysis and a short, rounded median apophysis, but have a broad patellar apophysis (figs. 45, 107, 116, 130).

Description: See description of type species in Morphology section (above).

Distribution: Europe, East Asia (map 4).

Composition: Four species groups are recognized within Coelotes: the atropos group, exitialis group, pseudoterrestris group, and charitonovi group, in total about 38 species.

In addition, 85 coelotine species are not well studied and temporarily remain in Coelotes (see appendix).

The atropos Group

Diagnosis: Females have a reduced atrium, reduced copulatory ducts, and a short, less convoluted spermathecae (figs. 38, 39); males generally have a broad patellar apophysis, a small lateral tibial apophysis, a short conductor, and a broad conductor dorsal apophysis (figs. 44, 45).

This species group is well represented in Europe.

There are at least 19 species in the group. Some species, such as C. atropos (Walckenaer, 1830) and C. pastor Simon, 1875, show remarkable intraspecific variation, particularly in female genitalia.

1. Coelotes alpinus Polenec, 1972: male holotype and female paratypes from Alps, Europe, in Prinodoelovni Muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana, Slovenia, not examined. Male and female specimens from Italy, in MZF and MCV, examined.

2. Coelotes atropos (Walckenaer, 1830): male neotype and female paraneotype from Europe, in the Collection W. Kulczyn'ski l'Institut de Zoologie P.A.N. de Varsovie, Poland, not examined. Male and female specimens from England, France, Denmark, Poland, Switzerland, Russia, in CAS, AMNH, MCZ, NHMB, HEC, and COLL.WALTER, examined.

3. Coelotes atropos anomalus Hull, 1955: female described from England, type not indicated and depository unknown, not examined. Judged by the illustration, this species may be a junior synonym of C. atropos. Further examination of possible type(s) is needed.

4. Coelotes atropus silvestris Hull, 1955: female described from England, type not indicated and depository unknown, not examined. Judged by the illustration, this species may be a junior synonym of C. atropos. Further examination of possible type(s) is needed.

5. Coelotes italicus Kritscher, 1956: 1 male paratype from Italy, in MCV, examined. Males and females from Italy, in MCV, MCB, and AMNH, examined.

6. Coelotes mediocris Kulczyn'ski, 1887: type(s), depository unknown, not examined. Males and females from Italy, in NHMB, MCV, MCB, AMNH, IRSNB, COLL.MAURER, examined.

7. Coelotes osellai de Blauwe, 1973: male holotype, male and female paratypes from Italy, in MCV, examined.

8. Coelotes pabulator Simon, 1875: male lectotype and female paralectotype from France, in SMNH, examined.

9. Coelotes pastor Simon, 1875: male lectotype and female paralectotype from France, in MNHN, not examined. Males and females from France and Italy, in MNHN, MCZ, MCV, and AMNH-CU examined.

10. Coelotes pastor carpathensis Ovtchinnikov, 1999: male holotype, male and female paratypes from Middle Asia, in CSO, not examined.

11. Coelotes pastor cooremani de Blauwe, 1975: male and female paratypes of C. cooremani de Blauwe from Italy, in MCV, examined. Maurer (1982) reduced the species C. cooremani de Blauwe, 1975 to this subspecies. Male types are C. rudolfi.

12. Coelotes pastor pirinicus Drenski, 1942: types unknown, not examined.

13. Coelotes pastor pickardi O.P.-Cambridge, 1873: types unknown, not examined. The species C. pickardi O.P.-Cambridge, 1873 was reduced to this subspecies by Maurer (1982). Males and females from Italy and Switzerland, in NHMB, COLL.MAURER, HEC, MCB, and AMNH examined.

14. Coelotes pastor tirolensis (Kulczyn'ski, 1906): types, unknown, not examined. Males and females from Switzerland, Italy, Austria, in NHMB, COLL.MAURER, MCB, and MCV, examined.

The species Coelotes pastor lessinensis Maurer, 1982, with female holotype and male paratype from Italy, in MCV, examined, is placed as a junior synonym of C. p. tirolensis (Kulczyn'ski) (because of the identical male and female genitalic morphology). new synonymy.

15. Coelotes poleneci Wiehle, 1964: male holotype from Slovenia, in SMF, examined.

16. Coelotes poweri Simon, 1875: female lectotype and male paralectotype from Italy, in MNHN, examined.

17. Coelotes rudolfi (Schenkel, 1925): male and female types from Switzerland, in NHMB, not examined. Male and female specimens from Switzerland, in AMNH and COLL.MAURER, examined.

18. Coelotes solitarius L. Koch, 1868: male neotype and female paraneotypes from Europe, in Collection W. Kulczyn'ski l'Institut de Zoologie P.A.N. de Varsovie, Poland, not examined. Females from Austria, Italy, Germany, in MCB, MZF, ZMB, and HEC, examined.

19. Coelotes terrestris (Wider, 1834): male neotype and female paraneotype from Europe, in Collection W. Kulczyn'ski l'Institut de Zoologie P.A.N. de Varsovie, Poland, not examined. Male and female specimens from Europe, in AMNH, COLL.MAURER, NHMB, HEC, MCZ, AMNH-CU, and ZMB, examined.

Coelotes atropos (Walckenaer) Figures 5–54

Diagnosis: This species is similar to C. terrestris but can be distinguished by the different shape of the spermathecae of females (fig. 39) and by the relatively large, rough conductor dorsal apophysis of males (fig. 44).

Description: See descriptions in Morphology section (above) and also by de Blauwe (1973).

Material Examined: DENMARK: 1 male and 1 female (CAS). ENGLAND: Oxford Shire, 1 female; Lake District, 1 male (AMNH); Oxfordshire, Oxford, July 23, 1958, 1 female (H. and L. Levi, MCZ); Settle, West Riding Yorkshire, April, 1948, 3 females (B. Percy, AMNH); Yorkshire, July, 1948, 1 male (B. Malkin, AMNH); West Riding Yorkshire, April, 1948, 2 females (B. Percy, AMNH); Yorkshire, 2100 ft, July 9, 1948, 5 females (B. Alkin, AMNH); Wales, Lllangoed Castle, Breconshire, July 5, 1959, 3 females (B. Malkin, AMNH). FRANCE: 1 male and 1 female (MCZ); 1 female (MCZ); Paris, 1 male (J. H. Emerton, MCZ). POLAND: Babia Gora, mountain top, 1700 m, 1 female (B. Malkin and A. Kamocki, AMNH); Babia Gora, 1450 m, July 25, 1975, 1 male (B. Malkin and A. Kamocki, AMNH); Bialewieza, Narewka River, August 26, 1959, 4 males and 1 female (B. Malkin, AMNH); Bialewieza, Natl. Pk., September 23–26, 1982, 2 males and 5 females (B. Malkin, AMNH); Roztocze Natl. Pk., Bukowa Gora, June 20, 1987, 1 female (B. and H. Malkin, AMNH). RUSSIA: Biolower, 1 female (Ed. Reimoser, MCZ). SWITZERLAND: Zinal, Val d'Anniviers, unter Steinwall, 1690 m, July 19, 1979, 2 females (J. Walter, COLL. WALTER); Mase, Val d'Herens, Fichten-Larchen-Wald, 1900 m, July 16, 1980, 1 male (J. Walter, COLL. WALTER); Marchairuz, 1 male and 1 female (NHMB, 610a); 1 male and 1 female (HEC, B.437, t.45).

The exitialis Group

Diagnosis: Females have lateral atrial margins, broad copulatory ducts, and long, convoluted spermathecae (figs. 101–104); males generally have a well-developed lateral tibial apophysis, a long conductor, and a slender conductor dorsal apophysis (figs. 107–109).

This species group is well represented in Japan.

Nine species are here included in the group.

1. Coelotes antri (Komatsu, 1961): female holotype from Japan, depository unknown, not examined. Male and female from Shikoku, Japan, in AMNH, CAS, and SMF, examined.

2. Coelotes eharai Arita, 1976: male holotype, male and female paratypes from Mt. Daisen, Tottori, Japan, in the Ohtemon-Gakuin University and in the Tottori Museum, Japan, not examined. A female from Shikoku, Japan, in AMNH, examined.

3. Coelotes exitialis L. Koch, 1878: male and female types from Japan, depository unknown, not examined. Male and female from Japan, in AMNH, CAS, and MCZ, examined.

4. Coelotes hiratsukai Arita, 1976: male holotype, male and female paratypes from Funaoka-cho, Tottori, Japan, in the Ohtemon-Gakuin University and in the Tottori Tottori Museum, Japan, not examined. One female from Shikoku, Japan, in AMNH, examined.

5. Coelotes kitazawai Yaginuma, 1972: female holotype from Fuji-san, Japan, depository unknown, not examined.

6. Coelotes micado Strand, 1907: types from Japan, depository unknown, not examined.

7. Coelotes musashiensis Nishikawa, 1989: female holotype, male and female paratypes from Tokyo, Japan, in the Arachnological Society of Japan and in NSMT, not examined. Two females from Japan, in ZMB, examined.

8. Coelotes yaginumai Nishikawa, 1972: female holotype and male paratype from Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan, in the Arachnological Society of Japan, not examined.

9. Coelotes yodoensis Nishikawa, 1977: male holotype, male and female paratypes from Minoo, Osaka, Japan, in the Arachnological Society of Japan and in the Osaka Natural History Museum, Japan, not examined.

Coelotes exitialis L. Koch Figures 101–112

Diagnosis: Females of this species can be recognized by the broad epigynal teeth and the anteriorly situated copulatory ducts (figs. 101, 102), and males by the broad, slightly bifid patellar apophysis and the long, slender, slightly spiral conductor (figs. 107–109).

Description: See also description of Koch (1878). Total length 8.00–15.0. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smallest, ALE largest, PLE slightly smaller than ALE, PME subequal to PLE; AME-AME, AME-ALE, and ALE-PLE subequal or AME-ALE slightly longer, PLE-PME wider than PLE diameter, PME-PME slightly wider than AME-AME. Clypeal height slightly more than twice AME diameter; chilum divided, elongated (fig. 105). Chelicerae with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (fig. 106). Labium slightly longer than wide. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia shorter than carapace length.

Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, slightly anterior of distalmost trichobothrium. Only female spinnerets examined: apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 45–50 piriform gland spigots; PMS with about 47 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY), 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP); PLS with 56 aciniform gland spigots and 2 cylindrical gland spigots (figs. 110–112).

Female epigynum with epigynal teeth broad, may vary in shape and position (Nishikawa, 1974); atrium reduced, with more or less apparent lateral atrial margins; copulatory ducts broad; spermathecal heads situated anteriorly; spermathecae elongated, convoluted (figs. 101–104). Male palp with patellar apophysis large, slightly bifid, may vary within species (Nishikawa, 1974); RTA long, with distal end sharply extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis present; cymbial furrow short; conductor long, more or less spiral, slender, its shape may vary within species (Nishikawa, 1974); conductor dorsal apophysis long; conductor lamella moderately developed; embolus basal origin, moderately long; median apophysis spoonlike, rounded, with distal end smooth (figs. 107–109).

Material Examined: JAPAN: Kobu (Kobe?), February 1909, 1 female (together with a male P. luctuosus) (S. C. Thompson, CAS); Shizuoka Pref., Izu Penninsula, 100–400 m, August 10. 1962, 1 male (K. Sekiguchi and A. Ogura, MCZ); Fuji Mt., SE slope of Mt. Fuji, February 18, 1955, 2300 m, floor mat., 1 female (D. C. Lowrie, AMNH).

Distribution: Japan.

The charitonovi Group

Diagnosis: Females of this group have the epigynal teeth situated anteriorly, close to each other (fig. 113); males have the strongly modified, broad patellar apophysis (figs. 115–117).

This species group is well represented in Middle Asia.

There are 8 species in the charitonovi group.

1. Coelotes arganoi Brignoli, 1978: female holotype and paratypes from Erzincan, Turkey, in MHNG and MCV, examined.

2. Coelotes caudatus de Blauwe, 1973: female holotype and paratypes from Liban (Lebanon), in MNHN, examined.

3. Coelotes charitonovi Spassky, 1939: female holotype from Uzbekistan, depository unknown, not examined. One male and 1 female from Tadzhikistan, in AMNH, examined.

4. Coelotes coenobita Brignoli, 1978: female holotype and paratypes from Sumela (Macka), Trabzon, Turkey, in MHNG and MCV, examined.

5. Coelotes juglandicola Ovtchinnikov, 1984: male holotype, male and female paratypes from Kizghizia, depository unknown, not examined. One male and 1 female from Kizghizia, in AMNH, examined.

6 Coelotes nenilini Ovtchinnikov, 1999: male holotype, male and female paratypes from Kazakhstan, in CSO, not examined.

7. Coelotes turkestanicus Ovchinnikov, 1999: male holotype, male and female paratypes from Kirgizstan, in AMNH, examined.

8. Coelotes vignai Brignoli, 1978: female holotype and paratypes from Abant, Bolu, Turkey, in MNHG, examined.

Coelotes charitonovi Spassky Figures 113–126

Diagnosis: This species is similar to C. juglandicola, but females can be distinguished by the closely situated epigynal teeth and the broad, anteriorly situated spermathecal heads (figs. 113, 114), males by the different shape of conductor and the small median apophysis (figs. 115–117).

Description: See also Spassky (1939). From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row also slightly procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: ALE largest, AME, PLE, and PME subequal or PME slightly smaller; AME-AME about two-thirds AME diameter, AME-ALE and ALE-PLE close together, PLE-PME subequal to PME-PME. Clypeal height roughly 1.5 times AME diameter; chilum divided, elongated (fig. 120). Chelicerae with five promarginal and five retromarginal teeth (fig. 119). Labium shorter than wide. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia longer than carapace length.

Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, slightly anterior of distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 121–123). Female spinnerets with apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 13 piriform gland spigots (PI); PMS with roughly 27 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY), 1 reduced ampullate gland spigot (mAP); PLE with 34 aciniform gland spigots and 2 cylindrical gland spigots (figs. 124–126).

Epigynum with epigynal teeth large, situated anterad of atrium, close together; atrium reduced; copulatory ducts short, situated mesad of spermathecae; spermathecal heads large, anteriorly situated; spermathecae broad, with stalks and bases indistinct (figs. 113, 114). Male palpal patellar apophysis broad, strongly modified into deep concavity and apophyses on inner side; RTA long, with distal end strongly extend beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis reduced; cymbial furrow short; conductor short; conductor dorsal apophysis broad; embolus prolateral in origin, moderately long, linear; median apophysis small, situated relatively posteriorly (figs. 115–117).

Material Examined: TADZHIKISTAN: Near Khovaling town, 1000 m alt., November 7, 1987, 1 male and 1 female (S. Ovchinnikov, AMNH-donation of S. Ovtchnnikov).

Distribution: Tadzhikistan.

The pseudoterrestris Group

Diagnosis. Females of this group have a distinct anterior atrial margin, broad copulatory ducts, and long, convoluted spermathecae (figs. 127, 128); males generally have a relatively less broad patellar apophysis, a well-developed lateral tibial apophysis, a long conductor, and a slender conductor dorsal apophysis (129–131).

This species group is well represented in southern China.

There are at least two species in the pseudoterrestris group.

1. Coelotes pseudoterrestris Schenkel, 1963: female holotype from Yunnan, China, in MNHN and NHMB, examined.

The species Coelotes sacratus Wang et al., 1990, with male and female paratypes from Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, China, in HBI, examined, is placed as a junior synonym of C. pserdoterrestris Schenkel (because of the identical female genitalic morphology). new synonymy.

2. Coelotes yunnanensis Schenkel, 1963: female holotype from Yunnan, China, in MNHN, examined.

Lehtinen (1967) synonymized C. yunnanensis with Paracoelotes spinivulvus (Simon, 1880). Examination of type specimen shows that this species is not a synonymy of Paracoelotes spinivulvus.

Coelotes pseudoterrestris Schenkel Figures 127–136

Diagnosis: Females resemble C. yunnanensis but can be distinguished by the small epigynal teeth, the different shape of copulatory ducts, and the short, laterally situated spermathecal heads (figs. 127, 128). Males can be recognized by the shape of patellar apophysis, the long, slightly curved conductor, and the long, slender conductor dorsal apophysis (figs. 129–131).

Description: See also Schenkel (1963) and descriptions of C. sacratus by Wang et al. (1990). Total length 9.00–18.0. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME slightly smaller than ALE, PLE and PME subequal, slightly smaller than AME; AME-AME and AME-ALE subequal, about two-thirds AME diameter, ALE-PLE close together, PLE-PME roughly 1.5 times their diameter, PME-PME slightly shorter than PME diameter. Clypeal height roughly twice AME diameter or slightly less; chilum divided, elongated (fig. 132). Chelicerae with three promarginal and three or four retromarginal teeth (fig. 133). Labium longer than wide. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia shorter than carapace length.

Female spinnerets: apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 30 piriform gland spigots; PMS with 22 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY), 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP); PLE with about 23 aciniform gland spigots and 2 cylindrical gland spigots (figs. 134–136).

Epigynum with epigynal teeth short, laterally situated; atrium reduced, only with more or less distinct anterior atrial margin; copulatory ducts broad, slightly sclerotized, with distinct shape; spermathecal heads situated laterad of spermathecae; spermathecae broad, convoluted, with indistinct bases and stalks (figs. 127, 128). Male palpi patellar apophysis relatively large, with apex slightly narrowed and curved ventrally; RTA long, with the distal end strongly extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis short, broad; cymbial furrow short; conductor long, slightly curved posteriorly; conductor lamella moderately developed; conductor dorsal apophysis long, slender, with sharp apex; embolus prolateral in origin, moderately long; median apophysis spoonlike, rounded, with no sharp distal end (figs. 129–131).

Notes: The locality of this species, Lo Thoei-Tong (Schenkel, 1963), has long been confusing. Brignoli (1983) wondered if it was in China. Zhu (1983) did not include this species (also C. denisi) in his list of spiders of China. The types of this species and C. denisi can be confidently regarded to be distributed in Yunnan (China) because (1) later large collections of this species were taken from Yunnan, and (2) the types of C. yunnanensis, which has the close collection date (February 26, 1925) with C. pseudoterrestris and C. denisi (March 2, 1925), were collected from Yunnan fu, Yunnan.

Material Examined: CHINA: Yunnan: Lo Thoei-Tong, March 2, 1925, 1 female holotype type (MNHN, B2011 bis), 1 female co-type (NHMB, 1990a); Kunming, Xishan, October 24, 1986, 2 male and 2 female types of C. sacratus (J. F. Wang, HBI); Kunming, Xishan, Dragon Gate, 2000–2400 m, December 26, 1988, 1 male and 1 female (P. Beron, COLL. DEELEMAN-REINHOLD); Kunming, bamboo temple, December 29, 1988, 1 female (P. Beron, COLL. DEELEMAN-REINHOLD); Menzi County, v. Wulichong, January 6, 1989, 1 male and 1 female (P. Beron, COLL. DEELEMAN-REINHOLD); Menzi County, under stones near the village on the peathean, 1600–1800 m, January 31, 1989, 1 male (P. Beron, COLL. DEELEMAN-REINHOLD); Baoshan Prefecture, Pass over Gaoligongshan at 2100 m alt., Nankang, 36 air km SE TengChong, 24°50′N, 98°47′E, native forest, November 4–7, 1998, 6 males (C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, C.L. Long, CAS); Baoshan Prefecture, pass over Gaoligongshan at 2300 m, Luoshuidong, 28 air km E TengChong, 24°57′N, 98°45′E, native forest, October 26–31, 1998, 6 females and 8 males (C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, C.L. Long, CAS).

Distribution: China.

CORAS SIMON

Type Species: Tegenaria medicinalis Hentz, 1821, by original designation.

Diagnosis: Easily recognized by the large AME (larger than ALE) (fig. 147), combined with the anteriorly wide apart, posteriorly converging lateral atrial margins and the anterolaterally situated epigynal teeth of females (figs. 137–142) and by the presence of tegular carina in males (figs. 143–146).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: Eastern North America, from Nova Scotia to Florida (map 5).

Composition: Seventeen species are currently included. Some species show strong intraspecific variations in the genitalia of both sexes. A number of synonyms may exist.

The Chinese species C. rugosus Wang, Peng and Kim, 1996 and C. globasus Wang, Peng and Kim, 1996 are apparently not Coras species, and are only temporarily listed here.

1. Coras aerialis Muma, 1946: male holotype and female paratype from Maryland, in AMNH, examined.

2. Coras alabama Muma, 1946: male holotype and female paratype from Alabama, in AMNH, examined.

3. Coras angularis Muma, 1944: male holotype and female paratype from Maryland, in AMNH, examined.

4. Coras cavernorum Barrows, 1940: female holotype from Waynesville, North Carolina, in OSU, examined.

5. Coras crescentis Muma 1944: female holotype from Dans Rock, Maryland, in AMNH, examined.

6. Coras furcatus Muma, 1946: male holotype and female paratype from Pensacola, Florida, in AMNH, examined.

7. Coras globasus Wang, Peng and Kim, 1996: female holotype from Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China, in HBI, examined.

8. Coras juvenilis (Keyserling, 1881): female juvenile types from Haunted Cave, Kentucky, in MCZ, examined. Males and females from eastern North America examined.

9. Coras kisatchie Muma, 1946: male holotype and female paratype from Louisiana, in AMNH, examined.

10. Coras lamellosus (Keyserling, 1887): types (not designated) not examined. Males and females from eastern North America, in AMNH, examined.

11. Coras medicinalis (Hentz, 1821): types (not designated) not examined. Males and females from eastern North America, in AMNH, examined.

12. Coras montanus (Emerton, 1890): types (not designated) not examined. Males and females from eastern North America, in AMNH, examined.

13. Coras parallelis Muma, 1944: female holotype from Princess Anne, Maryland, in AMNH, examined.

14. Coras perplexus Muma, 1946: male holotype, male and female paratype from Mississippi, in AMNH, examined.

15. Coras rugosus Wang, Peng and Kim, 1996: female holotype from Chenbu, Hunan, China, in HBI, examined.

16. Coras taugynus Chamberlin, 1925: female holotype and paratype from North Caronila (in MCZ), male and female paratypes from Alabama, in AMNH examined.

17. Coras tennesseensis Muma, 1946: male holotype and female paratype from Tennessee, in AMNH, examined.

Coras medicinalis (Hentz) Figures 137–157

Diagnosis: Females of this species can be distinguished from C. furcatus only by the presence of semicircular markings on the epigynal plate and from C. parallelis by the position of the lateral atrial margins (figs. 137, 139, 141). Males can be recognized by the short, nonbifid patellar apophysis (fig. 144).

Description: Total length about 6.00–13.0, with considerable variation among individuals of the same species (Muma, 1946). From front, anterior eye row more or less straight, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME largest, ALE subequal or slightly larger than PLE, PME smallest; AME may be separated by roughly their radius, AME-ALE close together and subequal to ALE-PLE, PME-PLE about 1.20–1.50 PME diameter, PME-PME slightly shorter than PME-PLE. Clypeal height about AME diameter, covered with long, strong setae; chilum divided, hairless, long (fig. 147). Chelicerae with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth (fig. 148). Labium subequal in width and length or slightly wider, slightly notched distally.

Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, slightly anterior of most distal trichobothrium (figs. 149–151). Apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 25–40 piriform gland spigots in both sexes; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP) and 40–45 aciniform gland spigots (AC) in both sexes, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY) in female; PLS with about 65 aciniform gland spigots in both sexes and 2 cylindrical gland spigots in female (figs. 152–157).

Epigynum with epigynal teeth short; lateral atrial margins wider apart anteriorly, convergent posteriorly; copulatory ducts short; spermathecal heads slightly elongated; spermathecal stalks large, strongly convoluted; spermathecal bases relatively small, strongly convoluted (figs. 137–142). Male palp with one patellar apophysis; retrolateral tibial surface strongly modified with lobes and concavity; RTA long, occupying most of tibia, with distal end slightly extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis small; prolateral tibia with three strong setae; cymbial furrow moderately long, with distinct dorsal edge; tegular sclerite with prolateral apophysis; conductor long, slender, with paraconductor between conductor and conductor dorsal apophysis; conductor dorsal apophysis strong; conductor lamella moderately developed; embolus basal in origin, moderately long, linear; median apophysis spoonlike, with extended distal end but not sharply pointed; tegular carina (the apophysis on tegulum between median apophysis and tegular sclerite) situated parallel relative to tegular sclerite and median apophysis (figs. 143–146).

Material Examined: Numerous males and females from eastern North America (for details, see generic revision by Platnick and Wang, in prep.).

Distribution: East coast of United States from Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Washington, D.C., Virginia, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, to Florida.

CORONILLA WANG

Type Species: Coronilla gemata Wang, 1994, by original designation. Female holotype and male allotype from Mt. Zhangjiajie, Dayong, Hunan, China, in HTU, examined.

Diagnosis: Females of Coronilla can be easily distinguished by the absence of epigynal teeth, the presence of a broad, transverse atrial septum, and the posteriorly expanded epigynal posterior margin (figs. 158, 159), males by the presence of two patellar apophyses and a reduced lateral tibial apophysis (figs. 161–168).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: China, Vietnam (map 6).

Composition: Two species are included.

1. Coronilla gemata Wang, 1994: female holotype, male and female paratypes from Mt. Zhangjiajie, Dayong, Hunan, China, in HTU, examined.

2. Coronilla sigillata Wang, 1994: female holotype, male and female paratypes from Mt. Tianmushan, Zhejiang, China, in HTU, examined.

Coronilla gemata Wang Figures 158–180

Diagnosis: Females can be distinguished from C. sigillata by the different spermathecal shape (fig. 160), males by the relatively small conductor, the broad conductor ventral apophysis, and the short conductor dorsal apophysis (figs. 161–163).

Description: Total length 5.00–13.0, with considerable intraspecific variation. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; AME slightly smaller than ALE or subequal, PLE subequal to PME, slightly smaller than AME and ALE; AME separated by about their radius and slightly longer than AME-ALE, ALE-PLE close together, PME separated by about their diameter, separated from PLE by about 1.25–2.00 times their diameter; clypeal height about 1.50 times AME diameter, covered with long, strong setae; chilum divided, hairless, long (fig. 169). Chelicerae with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (fig. 170). Labium longer than wide. Length of 1st leg patella + tibia shorter than carapace length.

Trachea examined, simple (fig. 171). Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, slightly anterior of distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 172–174). Apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 60–75 piriform gland spigots in both sexes; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP) and 13–16 aciniform gland spigots in both sexes, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY) in female; PLS with about 30–35 aciniform gland spigots in both sexes, and 2 cylindrical gland spigots in female (figs. 175–180).

Epigynum with large atrium; atrial septum broad, transversely situated; copulatory ducts large; spermathecal heads large, situated anteriorly; spermathecal stalks short, with lateral apophyses; spermathecal bases relatively large, transversely situated, more or less convoluted (figs. 158–160). Male palpal patellar apophyses with ventral one slender and long (occasionally short), dorsal one short and strong; RTA slightly shorter than tibia; lateral tibial apophysis absent; cymbial furrow moderately long; tegular sclerite apparent; conductor short; conductor ventral apophysis long, strong; conductor dorsal apophysis broad, relatively short; median apophysis slender, with distal end slightly curved or spiral (figs. 161–168).

Synonyms: The length of the male patellar ventral apophysis varies even in specimens from the same locality. The male of Coelotes huangsangensis has a relatively short ventral patellar apophysis. This situation also occurs in some males of C. gemata from the type locality. The female (allotype) genitalia of Coelotes huangsangensis, which is not fully sclerotized, is the same as C. gemata. As a result, Coelotes huangsangensis is considered to be a junior synonym of C. gemata. The species C. yoshikoae (types not examined), judged by the illustrations, is also considered to be a junior synonym of C. gemata.

Material Examined: CHINA: Hunan: Dayong, Mt. Zhangjiajie, November 5, 1985, female holotype, male allotype, 6 female and 7 male paratypes (J. F. Wang, HTU); Tianpingshan, October 16, 1986, 4 females and 4 males (J. F. Wang, HTU); Suining, Huangsang, October 14, 1996, female holotype and male allotype of C. huangsangensis Peng et al., 1998 (M. X. Liu, HBI). Sichuan: E-mei-shan, September 27, 1975, 2 females (C. D. Zhu, NBUMS, 75–2172); Chongqing, September 26, 1997, molted to adult later October, 1 male (X. P. Wang, AMNH).

Distribution: Known from China (Hunan, Sichuan) and Vietnam (Vinh Phu).

DRACONARIUS OVTCHINNIKOV

Type Species: Draconarius venustus Ovtchinnikov, 1999, by original designation.

Diagnosis: Resembles Asiacoelotes in having an elongated cymbial furrow, a long, slender embolus, and long, strongly convoluted spermathecae. Females can be distinguished by the posteriorly originated copulatory ducts and the widely separated spermathecae (figs. 182, 193); males by having a conductor dorsal apophysis (figs. 184, 185, 198).

Description: See description of Draconarius wudangensis (Chen and Zhao).

Distribution: Tadzhikistan, Bhutan, Nepal, China, Korea (map 7).

Composition: Twenty-six species are included. All are new combinations except the type species.

The species Draconarius wudangensis (Chen and Zhao, 1997) and Draconarius sinualis (Chen, Zhao and Wang, 1991) are described here. The male of D. sinualis is described for the first time.

1. Draconarius arcuatus (Chen, 1984): female paratypes from Huanglongdong, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, in HTC, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

2. Draconarius aspinatus (Wang et al., 1990): female holotype, male and female paratypes from Huangshan, Anhui, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

3. Draconarius baccatus (Wang, 1994): male and female paratypes from Xiangfan, Hubei, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

4. Draconariuss baronii (Brignoli, 1978): male holotype only, female paratype is a different species (of the genus Himalcoelotes). Male holotype from Dorjula, Bhutan, in NHMB, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

5. Draconarius calcariformis (Wang, 1994): female holotype and male paratype form Dabashan, Hubei, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

6. Draconarius cheni (Platnick, 1989): female holotype and paratype from Huanglongdong, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, in HTC, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

7. Draconarius coreanus (Paik and Yaginuma, 1969): female holotype, male and female paratypes from Seong-gul Cave, Korea, in NSMT, not examined. new combination (transferred here from the genus Coelotes). Male and female specimens from Korea, in KAI, examined.

8. Draconarius davidi (Schenkel, 1963): female holotype from Inkiaphou, Shensi, China, in MNHN, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

9. Draconarius gurkha (Brignoli, 1976): female holotype from Yak-Alm, Taboche, Nepal, in ZII, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

The species Coelotes lama Brignoli, 1976: female holotype from Nepal, in ZII, examined, has the identical genitalic morphology and is placed as a junior synonym of D. gurkha (Brignoli). new synonymy (transferred here from Coelotes).

10. Draconarius infulatus (Wang et al., 1990): female holotype and 1 female paratype from Tianmushan, Zhejiang, China, in HBI, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

11. Draconarius labiatus (Wang and Ono, 1998): female holotype and paratype from Nantou, Taiwan, in NSMT, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

12. Draconarius lutulentus (Wang et al., 1990): male and female paratypes from Zhangjiajie, Dayong, Hunan, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

13. Draconarius molluscus (Wang et al., 1990): female paratypes from Lushan, Jiangxi, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

14. Draconarius neixiangensis (Hu, Wang and Wang, 1991): female holotype and male and female paratypes from Neixiang, Henan, China, deposited in Shandong University, Jinan, China, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

15. Draconarius potanini (Schenkel, 1963): female holotype from Gansu, China, in MNHN, examined. new combination (transferred here from Cybanus).

16. Draconarius schenkeli (Brignoli, 1978): female holotype from Chimakothi, Bhutan, in NHMB, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

17. Draconarius singulatus (Wang et al., 1990): male and female paratypes from Nanshanping, Chenbu, Hunan, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

18. Draconarius sinualis (Chen, Zhao and Wang, 1991): female holotype from Jinding, Wudangshan, Hubei, China, in HUW, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes). Both male and female specimens from China (Hubei), in IZB, examined.

19. Draconarius stemmleri (Brignoli, 1978): female holotype and paratype from Sha Gogona, Bhutan, in NHMB and MCV, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

20. Draconarius striolatus (Wang et al., 1990): female holotype from Yuzhong, Gansu, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

21. Draconarius trifasciatus (Wang and Zhu, 1991): female holotype and male paratype from Mt. Emei, Sichuan, China, in NBUMS, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

22. Draconarius venustus Ovtchinnikov, 1999: male holotype and female paratype from Yachsu River valley, Khazratisho Mt., Tadzhikistan, in CSO, not examined.

23. Draconarius wenzhouensis (Chen, 1984): female holotype and paratype from Xueshan, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, in HTC, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

24. Draconarius wudangensis (Chen and Zhao, 1997): male and female paratypes from Jinding, Wudangshan, Hubei, China, in HUW, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

25. Draconarius wuermlii (Brignoli, 1978): female holotype from Dechhi Paka, Bhutan, in NHMB, examined. new combination (transferred here from Paracoelotes).

26. Draconarius yosiianus (Nishikawa, 1999): female holotype and paratype from Jiabao Dong, Xingren Cun, Jiazhuan Xiang, Bama Xian, northwestern Guangxi, China, in NSMT, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Draconarius wudangensis (Chen and Zhao) Figures 181–191

Diagnosis: This species is similar to D. venustus but can be distinguished by the large, anteriorly situated spermathecal heads of females (fig. 182), the relatively short RTA, the less extended cymbial furrow, and the different shape of embolic base of males (figs. 183–185).

Description: Total length 6.00–12.0. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smallest, ALE largest, PLE slightly larger than PME; AME-AME slightly shorter than their diameter, AME-ALE separated by roughly AME radius, ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE separated by more than their diameter, PME-PME slightly wider than their diameter. Clypeal height about twice AME diameter or slightly less; chilum divided, elongated. Chelicerae with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Labium slightly shorter than wide. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia longer than carapace length.

Tarsal organ situated dorsally, away from distal end of tarsus, close to second or third distal trichobothrium (figs. 186–188). Female spinnerets examined: apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), about 46 piriform gland spigots; PMS not well prepared, with 1 minor ampullate gland spigots visible, at least 20 aciniform gland spigots, and 1 cylindrical gland spigot (CY) observed; PLS with about 34 aciniform gland spigots and 2 cylindrical gland spigots (figs. 189–191).

Epigynum with epigynal teeth short, widely separated, situated anterior of atrium; atrium small; copulatory ducts originated posteriorly, mesal of spermathecae, more or less elongated; spermathecal heads apparent; spermathecae broad, elongated, convoluted, with indistinct stalks and bases (figs. 181, 182). Male palp with patellar apophysis long; RTA short, occupying about half tibial length, with distal end extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis large; cymbial furrow long, with distal end extended beyond cymbium, dorsal edge strongly concave; conductor moderately long; conductor dorsal apophysis long; conductor lamella strongly developed; embolus posterior in origin, long, linear; median apophysis spoonlike, with distal end not sharply pointed (figs. 183–185).

Material Examined: CHINA: Hubei: Wudangshan, Jinding, August 1996, 1 male and 1 female paratype (J. Chen, HUW); Wudangshan, Jinding, September 24, 1997, 7 females (X. P. Wang, IZB); Wudangshan, Nanya to Jinding, September 24, 1997, 1 male and 16 females (X. P. Wang, IZB). Shaanxi: Taibaishan, Haoping, August 11, 1989, 1 male and 1 female, 1 male and 1 female, 1 male and 1 female, 1 male (X. P. Wang, AMNH and MCB); Taibaishan, Mingxinshi, Aug. 8, 1989, 1 female (X. P. Wang, IZB). Shanxi: Yongji, July 20, 1980, 1 female (M.S. Zhu, HUB, No-044).

Distribution: China (Hubei, Shanxi, Shaanxi).

Draconarius sinualis (Chen, Zhao and Wang) Figures 192–210

Diagnosis: Females can be distinguished by the strongly elongated, highly convoluted spermathecae, and the long, spiral copulatory ducts (fig. 192, 193), males by the long, slender conductor and the slender conductor dorsal apophysis (figs. 198, 199).

Description: Eye pattern similar to D. wudangensis. Chilum divided (fig. 200). Chelicerae with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth (fig. 201). Epigynum with epigynal teeth short, widely separated, situated anteral to atrium; atrium small; copulatory ducts originated posteriorly, elongated, mesal to spermathecae; spermathecal heads small; spermathecae strongly elongated, highly convoluted, with indistinct stalks and bases (figs. 192–197).

Male patellar apophysis long; RTA short, occupying half tibia, with distal end extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis large; cymbial furrow strongly elongated, with distal end extended beyond cymbium, dorsal edge strong concave; conductor long, slender, slightly curved; conductor dorsal apophysis slender, long; conductor lamella strongly developed; embolus posterior in origin, extremely long, linear; median apophysis spoonlike, with distal end sharply pointed (figs. 198, 199).

Tarsal organ situated dorsally, away from distal tarsus, close to second distal trichobothrium (figs. 202–204). Apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), about 29 piriform gland spigots in female and 18 in male; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots in both sexes (not apparent), about 19 aciniform gland spigots in female and 12 in male, only 1 cylindrical gland spigot (CY) visible in female; PLS with about 20 aciniform gland spigots in both sexes and 2 cylindrical gland spigots in female (figs. 205–210).

Material Examined: CHINA: Hubei: Wudangshan, Jinding, April 23, 1982, female holotype (HUW); Wudangshan, Jinding, September 24, 1997, 3 females, 1 male and 2 females (X. P. Wang, AMNH); Wudangshan, Nanya to Jinding, September 24, 1997, 1 male and 1 female, 1 female, 11 females and 3 males (X. P. Wang, IZB); Wudangshan, Zhixiao to Nanya, September 23, 1997, 3 females and 7 males (X. P. Wang, MCB); Hongping, September 21, 1997, 2 males and 9 females (X. P. Wang, IZB). Shaanxi: Huxian, Cuihuashan, October 18, 1989, 1 male and 1 female (X. P. Wang, IZB).

Distribution: China (Hubei, Shaanxi).

EUROCOELOTES, NEW GENUS

Type Species: Coelotes inermis (L. Koch, 1855).

Etymology: The generic name is derived from its similarity to Coelotes and from the occurrence in Europe, and is masculine in gender.

Diagnosis: Females resemble Coelotes but have posteriorly situated epigynal teeth, an large atrium, and large copulatory ducts (figs. 211, 212). Males also resemble Coelotes in having a conductor dorsal apophysis and short, rounded median apophysis, but have no patellar apophysis (figs. 213–216).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: Europe (map 8).

Composition: Eleven species are included. All are new combinations.

1. Eurocoelotes anoplus (Kulczyn'ski, 1897): female lectotype from Croatia, Yugoslavia, in MNHN, examined). new combination (transferred here from the genus Coelotes).

2. Eurocoelotes brevispinus (Deltshev and Dimitrov, 1996): male and female paratypes from Hambar dere, Slavyanka, Bulgaria, in IZS, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

3. Eurocoelotes deltshevi (Dimitrov, 1993): male holotype, male and female paratypes from Bulgaria, in IZS and Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

4. Eurocoelotes drenskii (Deltshev, 1990): male holotype from Bulgaria, in IZS, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

5. Eurocoelotes falciger (Kulczyn'ski, 1897): types, depository unknown, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes). Male and female specimens from Bulgaria, in MCB, MCV, and ZMB, examined.

6. Eurocoelotes gasperinii (Simon, 1891): male and female lectotypes from Dalmatia, Yugoslavia, in MNHN, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

7. Eurocoelotes inermis (L. Koch, 1855): female neotype from Krakow, Poland, in SMNH, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

8. Eurocoelotes jurinitschi (Drensky, 1915): types, depository unknown, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes). Male and female specimens from Bulgaria, in IZS, examined.

9. Eurocoelotes karlinskii (Kulczyn'ski, 1906): types, depository unknown, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes). Male and female specimens from East Europe, in IZS, examined.

10. Eurocoelotes kulczynskii (Drensky, 1915): types, depository unknown, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes). Male and female specimens from Bulgaria, in IZS, examined.

11. Eurocoelotes microlepidus de Blauwe, 1973: female holotype from Montecchio, Italy, in MCV, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Eurocoelotes inermis (L. Koch) Figures 211–226

Diagnosis: This species is similar to E. karlinskii but can be distinguished by the laterally originated, strong spermathecal heads of females (figs. 211, 212) and by the presence of a small tooth on the distal conductor and a broad conductor dorsal apophysis in males (fig. 213).

Description: Total length about 8.00–10.5. General somatic characters same as Coelotes atropos. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smallest and slightly smaller than ALE, ALE subequal to PLE and PME; AME-AME subequal to AME-ALE, slightly shorter than AME diameter, ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE slightly longer than PLE diameter, PME-PME slightly shorter than PME diameter, AME-PME slightly shorter than AME diameter. Clypeal height about twice AME diameter or slightly less, covered with long, strong setae; chilum divided, hairless, long (fig. 217). Chelicerae with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth (fig. 218). Labium about as long as wide, slightly notched distally. Length of 1st leg patella + tibia shorter than carapace length.

Tarsal organ not seen on examined specimens (figs. 219, 220). Apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), about 18–20 piriform gland spigots in both sexes; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP), one of them more or less reduced, about 43 aciniform gland spigots in female and at least 60 in male, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY) in female; PLS with about 60 aciniform gland spigots in female and about 78 in male, and 2 cylindrical gland spigots in female (figs. 221–226).

Epigynum with epigynal teeth short, situated posterad of atrium; atrium small, anteriorly situated; copulatory ducts broad, membranous, anteriorly situated; spermathecal heads long, situated anterad of spermathecae; spermathecae longitudinally elongated, convoluted, widely separated, with indistinct bases and stalks (figs. 211, 212). Male palp with patellar apophyses absent; RTA large, with distal end strongly extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis present; cymbial furrow short; tegular sclerite apparent; conductor strong, with small tooth near apex; conductor dorsal apophysis broad; conductor lamella moderately developed; embolus basal to prolateral in origin, moderately long, linear, relatively strong; median apophysis spoonlike, with smooth distal end, not pointed (figs. 213–216).

Material Examined: AUSTRIA: Graz, September 1875, 1 male (H. Emerton, MCZ). BULGARIA: C. Balkan, C. Tuzha, 1500 m, August 10, 1996, 2 males (C. Deltshev, IZS). FRANCE: 2 females (MCZ). ITALY: Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Arta Terme, 440 m, September 7, 1963, 1 female (Bianchi Valle, MCB); Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Paluzza, 600 m, September 9, 1963 (Bianchi Valle, MCB); Bolzano, Planca di Sotto, August 25, 1972, 1 female (Rallo, MCV); Bressanone, Tonte Plose, 1200 m, June 18, 1972, 1 female (Oppi, MCV); Basel, 1 male and 1 female (AMNH). GERMANY: Nurnberg, 1 male and 1 female (SMNH, Coll. Thorell, 227/1383c); between Deutz and Siegen, August 9, 1964, 1 female (USNM); 1 male (HEC, B.438, t.100); Neiderwall a Rhein, 1 female (CAS). POLAND: Krakow, 1 female neotype (SMNH, Coll. Thorell, 227/1383a); Roztocze Natl. Pk., Bukowa Gora, June 20, 1987, 3 females (B. and H. Malkin, AMNH). Pachow, Pow. Wadowice. Woj. Krakowskie, September 8, 1974, 1 female (B. Malkin and M. Mlynarski, AMNH). SWITZERLAND: Umgebung Basel, Franmatt VII, 6 males and 17 females (Keine Angaben, NHMB); Alpes, 1 male and 1 female (SMNH, Coll. Thorell, 227/1383b); Basel, 1 male and 1 female (Schenkel, AMNH); Predigerholz, SW of Neumunchenstein, 340 m, under bark of oak log, September 2, 1973, 1 female (B. Malkin and H. and I. Hurlimann, AMNH). Solothurn, Oensingen-Schloss, June 13, 1980, 1 female (B. and H. Malkin, AMNH); Ruttenen, May 1–2, 1980, 2 males (B. Malkin, AMNH); May 1976, 1 female (B. Malkin, AMNH); Oberdorf, August 1973, 1 female (B. Malkin, AMNH). YUGOSLAVIA: Fra Gospic e Karlobag, August 17, 1969, 1 male and 3 females (Bianchi Valle, MCB). Passo di Kupras, August 11, 1970, 1 male (MCB); August 11, 1970, 1 male (Mc Brigamo, MCV). Slavenia, Kranj Forest, 1960, 3 males and 3 females (A. Polenec, MCZ). EUROPE: 2 males (AMNH-CU, Lot. 581, Sub. 499). 1 male and 2 females (Marx Collection, USNM, No. 242); Seyde Osterzgeb, Vienweide, November 21, 1967, 1 female (ZMB, Kat.-Nr. 28823); 1 male, 2 females, 1 female, 1 male, 3 females, 2 females, 1 male and 1 female, 1 female (ZMB); 2 females (ZMB, Dahl 1162); 3 males (ZMB, Kat.-Nr. 14016); 1 male and 1 female (ZMB, 5169); 8 males (ZMB, Kat.-Nr. 14094); 1 male and 1 female (ZMB, 4698); 2 males and 4 females (ZMB, 14473); 4 males (ZMB, Kat.-Nr. 14013); 1 male and 1 female (ZMB, Dahl 2073); Tharaudt, F. Fichtenwald, 3 males and 1 female (ZMB); 1 male and 2 females (ZMB, 4696); 1 male (ZMB, Dahl 877); 1 male (ZMB, 14478); 1 female (ZMB, Dahl 928); 3 males (ZMB, 14471); 2 males (ZMB, 14475); 1 female (ZMB, Dahl, 926); 1 female (ZMB, 1218); 1 female (ZMB, Dahl 1636); 1 male (ZMB, Dahl 2120); 1 female (ZMB, Dahl 2358); 1 female (ZMB, Dahl 1343); 1 female (ZMB, 14480); 6 males (ZMB, 14018); 1 male (ZMB, 14480); 6 males (ZMB, 14018); 1 male (ZMB, 14470); 1 female (ZMB, Dahl 2074); 1 female (ZMB, Dahl 2119); 2 males (ZMB, 14476); 2 females (ZMB, Dahl, 2135); 1 male (ZMB, 14477); 1 male (ZMB, 14474); 4 males (ZMB, 14472).

Distribution: Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, Yugoslavia.

FEMORACOELOTES, NEW GENUS

Type Species: Coelotes platnicki Wang and Ono, 1998.

Etymology: The generic name is derived from Coelotes and the special femoral characteristics of the male palp (the presence of distal apophysis and of a cluster of tiny setae prolaterally), and is masculine in gender.

Diagnosis: Females of this genus can be easily recognized by the absence of epigynal teeth and the broad copulatory ducts (figs. 227, 228), males by the presence of a femoral apophysis and the absence of a median apophysis (figs. 229–231).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: China (map 9).

Composition: Two species are included in this genus.

1. Femoracoelotes latus (Wang, Tso, and Wu, 2001): male holotype, male and female paratypes from Nantou, Taiwan, in THU, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

2. Femoracoelotes platnicki (Wang and Ono, 1998): male holotype and female paratype from Mt. Tengchih, Paoshan-tsun, Taoyuan-hsiang, Kaohsiung-hsien, Taiwan, in NSMT, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Femoracoelotes platnicki (Wang and Ono) Figures 227–241

Diagnosis: Differs from F. latus in the shape of the atrium and the broad copulatory ducts of females (figs. 227, 228) and by the slightly bifid femoral apophysis and the different conductor shape of males (figs. 229–231).

Description: Total length 6.00–8.00. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smallest, PLE largest, PME slightly smaller than PLE, ALE slightly smaller than PME; AME-AME subequal to AME-ALE, ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE separated by roughly PME diameter or slightly less, PME-PME subequal to AME-AME or slightly longer. Clypeal height roughly 1.5 AME diameter; chilum divided, elongated (fig. 232). Chelicerae with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (occasionally five) (fig. 233). Labium with length subequal to width. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia shorter than carapace length.

Tarsal organ situated away from distal end of tarsus, close to third distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 234, 235). Apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), about 24–25 piriform gland spigots in both sexes; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP) in both sexes, about 16–18 aciniform gland spigots in both sexes, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY) in female; PLS with about 16 aciniform gland spigots in female and 21 in male, 2 cylindrical gland spigots in female, 1 spigot of examined male PLS also shaped like cylindrical gland spigot (figs. 236–241).

Epigynum without epigynal teeth; atrium relatively small; copulatory ducts broad, membranous; spermathecal heads apparent; spermathecae short, convoluted, widely separated, with indistinct stalks and bases (figs. 227, 228). Male palp with femoral apophysis distally, a cluster of tiny setae prolaterally; patellar apophysis short, ventrally curved; RTA almost as long as tibia, with distal end not extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis absent; cymbial furrow short; conductor broad, complex, strongly modified; conductor lamella small; conductor dorsal apophysis relatively ventrally situated, long, slender; median apophysis absent; embolus basal in origin, strong, moderately long, with apex modified (figs. 229–231).

Material Examined: CHINA: Taiwan: Kaohsiung-hsien, Taoyuan-hsiang, Paoshan-tsun, Mt. Tengchih, 1550–1800 m alt., November 1, 1989, 5 males and 7 females (H. Ono, NSMT, NSMT-Ar.3421); Kaohsiung-hsien, Taoyuan-hsiang, Paoshan-tsun, Mt. Tengchih, 1550 m alt., November 1, 1989, 1 male (H. Ono, NSMT, NSMT-Ar.3430); Kaohsiung-hsien, Taoyuan-hsiang, Paoshan-tsun, Mt. Tengchih, 1550–1800 m alt., November 1, 1989, male holotype and female paratype (H. Ono, NSMT, NSMT-Ar.3421).

Distribution: China (Taiwan).

HIMALCOELOTES, NEW GENUS1

Type Species: Himalcoelotes martensi, new species.

Etymology: The generic name refers to its similarity to Coelotes and to the locality of type species, and is masculine in gender.

Diagnosis: Females resemble those of Urocoras in having elongated epigynal teeth, but differ in having short copulatory ducts (fig. 265, 266); males resemble those of Draconarius in having the patellar apophysis and the conductor dorsal apophysis, but differ in the shape of the median apophysis (small, rounded, medially notched and then strongly extended) (figs. 244, 267, 268).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: Himalayas (map 10).

Composition: Ten species are included.

Key to Species of Himalcoelotes

Himalcoelotes aequoreus, new species Figures 242–245

Type: Female holotype (SMF, no.24) from forest clearing, Thaksang above Tukche, 3100–3300 m, Mustang Dist., Nepal (July 5–10, 1970; J. Martens); male paratype (SMF, no.18) from Tukche, in house, 2600 m, Mustang Dist., Nepal (October 1969; J. Martens), deposited in SMF.

Etymology: The specific name refers to the smooth epigynum and less apparent atrium.

Diagnosis: This new species is similar to H. primus but differs in the less apparent atrium, the small copulatory ducts, and the strongly convoluted spermathecae of females (figs. 242, 243), and by the strongly elongated cymbial furrow and the different shape of the RTA of males (figs. 244, 245)

Description: Female (holotype): Total length 8.50. Carapace 3.90 long, 2.36 wide. Abdomen 4.60 long, 3.20 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.16, ALE 0.19, PME 0.18, PLE 0.20; AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.15, PME-PLE 0.22, AME-PME 0.19. Clypeus height 0.28. Leg measurements: I, 10.2 (2.84, 3.60, 2.40, 1.40); II, 9.28 (2.62, 3.14, 2.26, 1.26); III, 8.44 (2.34, 2.70, 2.20, 1.20); IV, 11.0 (2.94, 3.58, 3.00, 1.44). Epigynal teeth long, situated anteriorly, with bases close together; atrium small; copulatory ducts short, not visible in dorsal view; spermathecal heads small, situated anteriorly; spermathecae broad, convoluted (figs. 242, 243).

Male (paratype): Total length 8.60. Carapace 4.40 long, 3.00 wide. Abdomen 4.20 long, 2.80 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.23, ALE 0.23, PME 0.20, PLE 0.21; AME-AME 0.07, AME-ALE 0.04, PME-PME 0.17, PME-PLE 0.24, AME-PME 0.17. Clypeus height 0.25. Leg measurements: I, 14.6 (3.78, 4.60, 3.84, 2.34); II, 13.5 (3.52, 4.20, 3.60, 2.14); III, 11.8 (3.20, 3.60, 3.24, 1.72); IV, 15.2 (4.02, 4.60, 4.52, 2.02). Palpal patellar apophysis moderately long; RTA long, occupies most of tibia, with distal end slightly extended; lateral tibial apophysis small; cymbial furrow long, occupies most of cymbial length, with dorsal edge strongly concave; conductor long, with slender apex; conductor dorsal apophysis broad, short; conductor lamella large; embolus posterior in origin; median apophysis small, modified (figs. 244, 245).

Other Material Examined: NEPAL: Parbat Dist., Gorapani (= Ghorepani) pass, 2850–2900 m, December 10–14, 1969, 1 female (J. Martens, SMF, no.31); Mustang Dist., Dambush Valley above Tukche, alpine dwarf bushes, 3770–4100 m, October 7–13, 1969, 2 females (J. Martens, SMF, no. 21); Kaski Dist, near Dobang, ca. 2500 m, bamboo forest, October 23, 1985, 1 female (J. Coddington, USNM).

Distribution: Nepal.

Himalcoelotes brignolii, new species Figures 246, 247

Type: Female holotype (female paratype of Coelotes baronii Brignoli, 1978) from Dorjula, 3100 m, Bhutan (June 6, 1972), in NHMB (2302b), examined.

Etymology: The specific name is a patronym in honor of the late Prof. P. M. Brignoli.

Diagnosis: The females are similar to those of H. diatropos but differ in the less apparent atrium and the different shape of spermathecae (figs. 246, 247).

Description: The female was described by Brignoli (1978a, as female paratype of Coelotes baronii). Epigynum with atrium shallow, less apparent; epigynal teeth long, situated medially on epigynum, with posterior ends almost reach epigastric furrow; spermathecal heads small, slender, situated anteriorly; spermathecae broad, convoluted (figs. 246, 247).

Male: Unknown.

Other Material Examined: None.

Distribution: Bhutan.

Himalcoelotes bursarius, new species Figures 248, 249

Type: Female holotype and 8 female paratypes from Sindhu Palchok Dist., pass Ting Sang La above Barabise, mixed forest, 3400 m, Nepal (April 13–15, 1973; J. Martens), in SMF (no.42), examined.

Etymology: The specific name refers to the presence of apparent copulatory ducts in dorsal view.

Diagnosis: The females are similar to those of H. sherpa and H. subsherpa but can be distinguished by the different shape of the anterior atrial margin and the broad copulatory ducts (figs. 248, 249).

Description: Female (holotype): Total length 10.5. Carapace 5.30 long, 3.46 wide. Abdomen 5.30 long, 3.60 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.21, ALE 0.24, PME 0.20, PLE 0.23; AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.11, PME-PME 0.20, PME-PLE 0.33, AME-PME 0.23. Clypeus height 0.35. Leg measurements: I, 14.4 (3.92, 4.94, 3.60, 1.96); II, 13.4 (3.62, 4.56, 3.40, 1.80); III, 12.1 (3.40, 3.80, 3.20, 1.66); IV, 15.0 (4.00, 4.82, 4.26, 1.92). Epigynal teeth long; anteriorly situated, widely separated; atrium with apparent anterior atrial margin; copulatory ducts broad, apparent in dorsal view; spermathecal heads long, slender; spermathecae small, rounded, not convoluted (figs. 248, 249).

Male: Unknown.

Other Material Examined: None.

Distribution: Nepal.

Himalcoelotes diatropos, new species Figures 250–253

Type: Female holotype and 1 female paratype from Gosainkund, Syng Gyangm, 3200 m, mixed rhododendron–coniferous forest, Rasuwa Dist., Nepal (April 26, 1973; J. Martens), in SMF (no.41), examined.

Etymology: The specific name derives from the variation of atrium size of female epigynum.

Diagnosis: The females are similar to those of H. brignolii but can be distinguished by the presence of a large atrium and the broad spermathecae (figs. 250–253).

Description: Female (holotype): Total length 11.2. Carapace 4.80 long, 3.40 wide. Abdomen 6.40 long, 5.00 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.21, ALE 0.25, PME 0.24, PLE 0.23; AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.11, PME-PME 0.21, PME-PLE 0.30, AME-PME 0.27. Clypeus height 0.31. Leg measurements: I, 12.4 (3.60, 4.24, 2.84, 1.72); II, 11.2 (3.20, 3.80, 2.66, 1.58); III, 10.1 (2.72, 3.30, 2.68, 1.42); IV, 13.1 (3.58, 4.28, 3.62, 1.66). Epigynal teeth long, anteriorly situated, widely separated; atrium with anterior atrial margin (one specimen with much small atrium, fig. 252); copulatory ducts broad, originating mesally; spermathecal heads small; spermathecae broad, convoluted (figs. 250–253).

Male: Unknown.

Other Material Examined: NEPAL: Gorkha Dist., Darondi Khola to above Barpak, 3600–3450 m, August 10, 1983, 1 female (J. Martens and W. Schawaller, SMF, no. 242); Gorkha Dist., NW pass Rupina La, Tabruk Kharka, 4000 m, August 7–8, 1983 (J. Martens and W. Schawaller, SMF, no. 237).

Distribution: Nepal.

Himalcoelotes gyirongensis (Hu and Li), new combination Figures 254–264

Diagnosis: Resembles H. martensi in having large, anteriorly extended spermathecae, but can be easily distinguished by the widely separated, posteriorly situated atria and the laterally originating, posteriorly situated copulatory ducts of females (figs. 254, 255), and by the short, ventrally curved patellar apophysis, the elongated cymbial furrow, and the posteriorly origin of the embolus in males (figs. 256–259).

Description: Epigynal teeth long, slender, anteriorly situated, widely separated; atria small, situated posteriorly near epigastric furrow, widely separated; copulatory ducts orginated laterally, widely separated; spermathecal heads long, slender, situated posteriorly to ventral spermathecae, extended laterally; spermathecae strongly elongated anteriorly, strongly convoluted, close together (figs. 254, 255).

Female spinnerets with apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 37 piriform gland spigots; PMS with 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP), about 30 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY); PLS with about 27 aciniform gland spigots and 2 cylindrical gland spigots (figs. 262–264).

Male (Parbat Dist. specimen): Total length 10.5. Carapace 4.48 long, 3.16 wide. Abdomen 6.00 long, 2.80 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.23, ALE 0.21, PME 0.20, PLE 0.21; AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.07, PME-PME 0.19, PME-PLE 0.25, AME-PME 0.20. Leg measurements: I, 17.7 (4.52, 6.00, 4.80, 2.40); II, 15.7 (4.32, 5.08, 4.16, 2.12); III, 12.8 (3.76, 4.24, 3.80, 1.76); IV, 17.4 (4.52, 5.60, 5.20, 2.12). Palpal patellar apophysis short, broad, with apex slightly curved ventrally; RTA long, occupies most of tibia, with distal end extended anteriorly; lateral tibial apophysis apparent; cymbial furrow long, occupies most of cymbial length, with dorsal edge strongly concave; conductor relatively long, slender; conductor dorsal apophysis broad (fig. 259); conductor lamella well developed; embolus posterior in origin, long; median apophysis small, modified (figs. 256–259).

Notes: The original descriptions and illustrations of this species (Hu and Li, 1987) were not detailed enough for species identification, especially regarding the morphology of atria, copulatory ducts, and spermathecal heads. The types are not available. Specimens examined here are considered H. gyirongensis because of their similarity in spermathecal morphology. Comparison of this material with the types of H. gyirongensis is needed to confirm this identification.

Material Examined: NEPAL: Parbat Dist., near Ghorepani (= Gorapani), 2850 m, October 27, 1985, 1 male and 1 female (J. Coddington, USNM); Kaski Dist., Bhichuk-Landrung Trail, streamside, ca. 1650 m, October 20, 1985, 1 male (J. Coddington, USNM); Kaski Dist., rhododendron–bamboo forest near Khuldighar, 2400 m, October 22, 1985, 1 male (J. Coddington, USNM).

Distribution: Tibet, Nepal.

Himalcoelotes martensi, new species Figures 265–277

Type: Female holotype and 1 male paratype from Dambush Khola near Tukche, pitfall traps, 2900 m, Kaski Dist., Nepal (October 17–November 28, 1969; J. Martens), in SMF (no. 20), examined.

Etymology: The specific name is a patronym in honor of the collector of the specimens, Prof. J. Martens.

Diagnosis: This new species can be easily recognized by the reduced atrium, the position of spermathecal heads, and the large, anteriorly extended spermathecae of females (figs. 265, 266), and by the broad conductor and the prolateral origin of the embolus of males (figs. 267, 269).

Description: Female (holotype): Total length 10.0. Carapace 4.60 long, 2.86 wide. Abdomen 5.40 long, 3.40 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.21, ALE 0.23, PME 0.20, PLE 0.21; AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.09, PME-PME 0.20, PME-PLE 0.24, AME-PME 0.20. Clypeus height 0.26 (fig. 29). Leg measurements: I, 11.7 (3.20, 4.00, 2.82, 1.72); II, 10.7 (2.98, 3.58, 2.60, 1.56); III, 9.40 (2.64, 3.08, 2.46, 1.22); IV, 12.5 (3.44, 4.12, 3.40, 1.50). Clypeal height slightly longer than AME diameter; chilum divided, hairless (fig. 270). Chelicerae with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth (fig. 271). Labial about as long as wide. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia shorter than carapace length (4.0/4.6). Epigynum with long epigynal teeth, anteriorly situated close together; atrium less apparent; hoods more or less apparent; copulatory ducts short, not visible in dorsal view; spermathecal heads long, slender, situated mesally; spermathecae convoluted, strongly elongated anteriorly, with indistinct stalks and bases (figs. 265, 266).

Male (paratype): Total length 7.90. Carapace 4.10 long, 2.72 wide. Abdomen 3.80 long, 3.60 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.20, ALE 0.19, PME 0.18, PLE 0.20; AME-AME 0.09, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.11, PME-PLE 0.20, AME-PME 0.17. Clypeus height 0.28. Leg measurements: I, 14.0 (3.68, 4.64, 3.66, 2.02); II, 12.9 (3.46, 4.08, 3.48, 1.92); III, 11.9 (3.14, 3.60, 3.40, 1.72); IV, 14.6 (3.86, 4.40, 4.34, 2.02). Male palp with moderately long patellar apophysis; RTA slightly longer than half tibial length, with distal end not strongly extended; lateral tibial apophysis large; cymbial furrow short, not strongly elongated; conductor broad, with apex slightly bifid; conductor dorsal apophysis broad; conductor lamella not well developed; embolus prolateral in origin; median apophysis small, rounded, modified with deep notch and sharp extension (figs. 267, 269).

Tarsal trichobothria with large hood transversely striated, small hood smooth (fig. 272); tarsal organ small, rounded (fig. 273), situated on distal end of tarsus, anterior of distalmost trichobothrium (fig. 274, double arrows). Trachea not examined. Examined female spinnerets not in good condition, particular PLS. Apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 24 piriform gland spigots; PMS with at least 8–10 aciniform gland spigots, 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP), and 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY); PLE with at least 10 aciniform gland spigots, only 1 cylindrical gland spigot seen on observed specimen (figs. 275–277).

Other Material Examined: NEPAL: Kaski Dist., Dambush Khola near Tukche, pitfall traps, 2900 m, October 17–November 28, 1969, 1 male (J. Martens, SMF, no. 20); Mustang Dist., forest clearing, Thaksang above Tukche, 3100–3300 m, February 27–March 11, 1974, 1 female (J. Martens, SMF, no. 25); Parbat Dist., Gorapani Pass (=Ghorepani Pass), 2850–2900 m, December 10–14, 1969, 1 male (J. Martens, SMF, no. 31).

Distribution: Nepal.

Himalcoelotes pirum, new species Figures 278–281

Type: Female holotype (no. 139) from Marsyandi Valley, above Bagarchap, Acer–Quercus mixed forest, Manang Dist., Nepal (April 13–14, 1980; J. Martens and Ausobsky), and male paratype (no. 138) from Marsyandi Valley, above Bagarchap, Acer–Quercus mixed forest, Manang Dist., Nepal (April 12–13, 1980; J. Martens and Ausobsky), in SMF, examined.

Etymology: The specific name refers to the pear-shaped spermathecae.

Diagnosis: This species is similar to H. aequoreus but can be distinguished by the large atrium and the pear-shaped, less convoluted spermathecae of females (figs. 278, 279), and by the short cymbial furrow of males (figs. 280, 281).

Description: Female (holotype): Total length 10.5. Carapace 4.90 long, 3.00 wide. Abdomen 5.60 long, 4.00 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.16, ALE 0.21, PME 0.20, PLE 0.20; AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME 0.18, PME-PLE 0.25, AME-PME 0.19. Clypeus height 0.30. Leg measurements: I, 12.0 (3.36, 4.16, 2.76, 1.70); II, 10.7 (3.06, 3.60, 2.50, 1.58); III, 9.70 (2.78, 3.02, 2.48, 1.42); IV, 12.9 (3.44, 4.20, 3.50, 1.72). Epigynal teeth long, anteriorly situated, close together; atrium with apparent anterior atrial margin; copulatory ducts short, situated anteriorly between spermathecae, barely visible in dorsal view; spermathecal heads short, situated anteriorly; spermathecae broad, close together (figs. 278, 279).

Male (paratype): Total length 9.20. Carapace 5.00 long, 3.20 wide. Abdomen 4.20 long, 3.00 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.19, ALE 0.23, PME 0.20, PLE 0.23; AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.07, PME-PME 0.16, PME-PLE 0.20, AME-PME 0.19. Clypeus height 0.34. Leg measurements: I, 13.8 (3.62, 4.70, 3.40, 2.06); II, 12.7 (3.40, 4.20, 3.20, 1.92); III, 9.74 (2.60, 2.96, 2.60, 1.58); IV, 14.6 (3.82, 4.60, 4.16, 2.00). Palpal patellar apophysis small; RTA broad, occupies most tibial length, slightly extended anteriorly; lateral tibial apophysis large; cymbial furrow moderately long, with dorsal edge strongly concave; conductor broad; conductor dorsal apophysis short, broad; conductor lamella moderately developed; embolus basal in origin; median apophysis small, modified (figs. 280, 281).

Other Material Examined: NEPAL: Manang Dist., Marsyandi Valley, above Bagarchap, Acer–Quercus mixed forest, 2200 m, April 12–13, 1980, 3 males (J. Martens and Ausobsky, SMF, no. 138).

Distribution: Nepal.

Himalcoelotes sherpa (Brignoli), new combination Figures 282–289

Diagnosis: This species can be recognized by the absence of anterior atrial margin, the small, rounded, nonconvoluted spermathecae, and the short copulatory ducts of females (figs. 282–287), and by the long, strong patellar apophysis, the slender, bificated conductor, and the prolaterally originating embolus of males (figs. 288, 289).

Description: Epigynum with epigynal teeth long, widely separated; anterior atrial margin less developed, with atria widely separated; copulatory ducts short, invisible in dorsal view; spermathecal heads long, slender, situated anteriorly; spermathecae small, rounded, not convoluted (figs. 282–287).

Male with examined specimen in poor somatic condition. Palpal patellar apophysis relatively long, strong; RTA broad, with distal end extended anteriorly; lateral tibial apophysis large; cymbial furrow short; conductor slender, bifurcated; conductor dorsal apophysis short, broad; embolus prolateral in origin; median apophysis short, modified (figs. 288, 289).

Material Examined: NEPAL: Ramechap Dist., Thodung near Those, 3200 m, Abies–Tsuga–rhododendron forest, September 3–7, 1970, 1 male and 1 female (J. Martens, SMF, no. 47); Taplejung Distr., Upper Simbua Khola Valley, near Tseram, 3250–3350 m, mature Abies–rhododendron forest, May 10–15, 1988, 1 female (J. Martens and W. Schawaller, SMF, no. 361); Solukhumbu Dist., Taboche (= Taweche), yak pasture, dwarf bushes, 4550 m, May 31, 1961, 1 female holotype (H. Janetschek, ZII, Np61–77); Solukhumbu Dist., Yaral (Pangpoche), caught at night with artificial light, 3900 m, May 25, 1961, 1 female paratype (H. Janetschek, ZII, Np61–206).

Distribution: Nepal.

Himalcoelotes subsherpa, new species Figures 290–293

Types: Male holotype and female paratype from Thodung near Those, 3200 m, Ramechap Dist., Nepal (April 3–9, 1973; J. Martens), in SMF (no. 48), examined.

Etymology: The specific name refers to its similarity to the species H. sherpa.

Diagnosis: This new species is similar to H. sherpa but can be distinguished by the small patellar apophysis, the basally originated embolus, and the presence of a small tooth on distal conductor of males (figs. 290, 291), and by the differences of their atrium and the laterally originated copulatory ducts of females (figs. 292, 293).

Description: Male (holotype): Total length 8.80. Carapace 4.60 long, 3.20 wide. Abdomen 4.20 long, 2.80 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.23, ALE 0.22, PME 0.20, PLE 0.21; AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.13, PME-PLE 0.25, AME-PME 0.19. Clypeus height 0.26. Leg measurements: I, 15.0 (4.00, 5.00, 3.80, 2.20); II, 14.0 (3.78, 4.56, 3.66, 2.00); III, 12.7 (3.36, 4.00, 3.56, 1.78); IV, 15.8 (4.14, 5.10, 4.58, 2.00). Palpal patellar apophysis short, small; RTA broad, long, occupies most of tibia, with distal end slightly extended; lateral tibial apophysis large; cymbial furrow moderately long; conductor slender, with small tooth on distal end; conductor dorsal apophysis short, broad; conductor lamella moderately developed; embolus basal in origin; median apophysis small, modified (figs. 290, 291).

Female (paratype): Total length 11.0. Carapace 5.25 long, 3.75 wide. Abdomen 5.70 long, 4.20 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.26, ALE 0.28, PME 0.24, PLE 0.28; AME-AME 0.11, AME-ALE 0.10, PME-PME 0.22, PME-PLE 0.33, AME-PME 0.28. Clypeus height 0.40. Leg measurements: I, 15.3 (4.20, 5.20, 3.78, 2.12); II, 13.9 (3.84, 4.64, 3.46, 1.96); III, 12.3 (3.42, 3.98, 3.34, 1.60); IV, 15.8 (4.20, 5.18, 4.40, 2.02). Epigynal teeth strong, anteriorly situated, widely separated; atrium with more or less apparent anterior atrial margin; copulatory ducts short, situated laterally, barely visible in dorsal view; spermathecal heads long, slender, situated anteriorly; spermathecae small, rounded, not convoluted (figs. 292, 293).

Other Material Examined: NEPAL: Dolakha Dist., Jiri Valley with Hanumante Mt., 2900 m, March 28–29, 1973, 1 female (J. Martens, SMF, no. 46).

Distribution: Nepal.

Himalcoelotes syntomos, new species Figures 294, 295

Type: Female holotype from Kathmandu Valley, Phulchoki Mt., 2900 m, oak forest, Lalitpur Dist., Nepal (January 25–30, 1970; J. Martens), in SMF (no. 34), examined.

Etymology: The specific name derives from the relatively short epigynal teeth.

Diagnosis: Females of this species can be easily recognized by the relatively short, broad epigynal teeth, the shape of the epigynum, and the medially situated copulatory ducts (figs. 294, 295).

Description: Female (paratype): Total length 6.30. Carapace 3.10 long, 1.80 wide. Abdomen dried, 3.20 long, 1.80 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.18, PME 0.17, PLE 0.17; AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.09, PME-PME 0.09, PME-PLE 0.11, AME-PME 0.12. Clypeus height 0.15. Leg measurements: I, 7.37 (2.10, 2.49, 1.70, 1.08); II, 6.48 (1.92, 2.10, 1.51, 0.95); III, 6.04 (1.70, 1.94, 1.60, 0.80); IV, 8.37 (2.28, 2.70, 2.30, 1.09). Epigynal teeth relatively short, broad, anteriorly situated; atria more or less separated by median septum; copulatory ducts short, situated mesally, anteriorly extended; spermathecal heads short, situated mesally; spermathecae broad, convoluted, wide apart posteriorly and anteriorly adjacent (figs. 294, 295).

Male: Unknown.

Other Material Examined: None.

Distribution: Nepal.

LEPTOCOELOTES, NEW GENUS

Type Species: Coelotes pseudoluniformis Zhang, Peng and Kim, 1998.

Etymology: The generic name is derived from its similarity to Coelotes and the weak epigynal teeth, and is masculine in gender.

Diagnosis: Females can be easily recognized by the broad but weakly sclerotized epigynal teeth, a shallow atrium, and short copulatory ducts (figs. 296–299), and males by the complex conductor, the absence of a conductor dorsal apophysis, and the absence of median apophysis (figs. 302–304). Both sexes have four to five promarginal and retromarginal teeth (fig. 301).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: China (map 11).

Composition: Two species are included.

1. Leptocoelotes edentulus (Wang and Ono, 1998): female holotype from Ilan, Taiwan, in NSMT, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

2. Leptocoelotes pseudoluniformis (Zhang, Peng and Kim, 1998): female holotype from Tiantong, Zhejiang, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Leptocoelotes pseudoluniformis (Zhang, Peng, and Kim) Figures 296–309

Diagnosis: Female of this species can be recognized from L. edentus by the laterally situated hoods, the anterior origin of the copulatory ducts, and the relatively elongated spermathecae (figs. 296–299), and males by the tiny lateral tibial apophysis, the strongly bifid conductor, and the absence of both a conductor dorsal apophysis and a median apophysis (figs. 302–304).

Description: Total length about 5.00–8.50. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smallest and slightly smaller than ALE, ALE subequal to PLE and PME; AME-AME slightly shorter than AME diameter, ALE-AME close together, subequal to ALE-PLE, PME-PLE subequal to PME-PME, about PME radius, AME-PME about PME radius. Clypeal height about 1.5–2 times AME diameter; chilum divided, elongated (fig. 300). Chelicerae with five promarginal and four to five retromarginal teeth (fig. 301). Labium with width slightly wider than length. Length of 1st leg patella + tibia longer than carapace length.

Tarsal organ situated away from distal end of tarsus, about same position as most distal trichobothrium (figs. 305, 306). Female spinnerets with apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 19 piriform gland spigots; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP), 7 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY); PLS with about 12 aciniform gland spigots and 2 cylindrical spigots (figs. 307–309).

Epigynum with epigynal teeth broad but weakly sclerotized; atrium broad but shallow, not apparent; copulatory ducts short, situated anterolaterad of spermathecae; spermathecal heads situated anterad of spermathecae; spermathecae slightly elongated, convoluted, widely separated, with indistinct bases and stalks (figs. 296–299). Male palpal patellar apophysis small, strongly curved dorsally; RTA small, with distal end extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis tiny; cymbial furrow moderately long; conductor complex; conductor dorsal apophysis absent; conductor lamella short; embolus basal in origin, moderately long, linear; median apophysis absent (figs. 302–304).

Material Examined: CHINA: Zhejiang: Tiantong, January 20, 1988, female holotype (Y. J. Zhang, HBI). Hunan: Changsha, Yuelushan, December 22, 1982, 2 males and 4 females (J. F. Wang, HBI).

Distribution: China (Zhejiang, Hunan).

LONGICOELOTES, NEW GENUS

Type Species: Longicoelotes karschi Wang, new species.

Etymology: The generic name is derived from its similarity to Coelotes and to the strongly elongated patellar apophysis, and is masculine in gender.

Diagnosis: Females can be easily recognized by the absence of epigynal teeth and the distinct shape of the epigynum (figs. 310, 311), and males by the strongly elongated patellar apophysis, the complex conductor, and the absence of median apophysis (figs. 312–314).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: China (map 12).

Composition: Only the type species.

Longicoelotes karschi, new species Figures 310–322

Type: Male holotype from Zijin (Purple) Mt., 350–450 m, Nanjin, China (September 13, 1997; X. P. Wang), and female paratype from same locality (October 9, 1988; P. Beron), deposited in AMNH.

Diagnosis: This species can be easily identified by the absence of epigynal teeth, the distinct shape of the epigynum, the short copulatory ducts, and the distinct spermathecal stalks and bases of females (figs. 310, 311), and by the strongly elongated patellar apophysis, complex conductor, and the small median apophysis of males (figs. 312–314).

Description: Male (holotype): Total length 7.70. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.18, PME 0.18, PLE 0.17, AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.03, PME-PME 0.10, PME-PLE 0.12, AME-PME 0.15. Leg measurements: I, 13.5 (3.42, 4.46, 3.40, 2.18); II, 12.1 (3.20, 3.84, 3.10, 1.92); III, 11.3 (3.00, 3.40, 3.26, 1.62); IV, 15.6 (4.00, 4.80, 4.60, 2.20). Male palp with patellar apophysis strongly elongated; RTA long, with distal end slightly extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis situated relatively dorsally; cymbial furrow short; conductor short, broad, bifurcated, with dorsal one broad and ventral one slender; conductor lamella less developed; conductor dorsal apophysis broad; median apophysis small, not spoonlike; embolus basal in origin, moderately long, linear (figs. 312–314).

Female (paratype): Total length 7.80. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.20, PME 0.19, PLE 0.19, AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.04, ALE-PLE 0.05, PME-PME 0.11, PME-PLE 0.17, AME-PME 0.16. Leg measurements: I, 12.1 (3.24, 4.20, 2.86, 1.82); II, 10.8 (3.00, 3.60, 2.60, 1.58); III, 10.1 (2.80, 3.10, 2.72, 1.44); IV, 13.9 (3.60, 4.46, 4.00, 1.80). Clypeal height roughly twice AME diameter or slightly shorter; chilum divided, elongated (fig. 315). Chelicerae with three promarginal, two retromarginal teeth (fig. 316). Labium slightly wider than long. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia longer than carapace length. Epigynum with epigynal teeth absent; middle part of epigynum relatively elevated with clear lateral edges; atrium reduced, not apparent; copulatory ducts short; spermathecal heads pointed laterally; spermathecae with distinct stalks and bases; spermathecal stalks situated medially, close to each other; spermathecal bases large, widely separated (figs. 310, 311).

Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, slightly anterior of most distal trichobothrium (figs. 317–319). Only female spinnerets examined: apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), about 25–31 piriform gland spigots; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP) and about 16–20 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY); PLE with about 22 aciniform gland spigots and 2 cylindrical gland spigots (figs. 320–322).

Notes: Examination of the types of C. mollendorffi (3 female syntypes from Peking, China, in ZMB, examined) shows that C. mollendorffi is in fact a junior synonym of Paracoelotes spinivulvus (Simon, 1880).

Other Material Examined: CHINA: Zhejiang: West Tschenkiang, April 1872, 1 female (A. David, MNHN, B2011 bis); Hangtscheou, 1925, 3 females (MNHN, B2011 bis); Lin-An, October 19, 1974, 3 males and 3 females (C. D. Zhu, NBUMS).

Distribution: China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang).

PARACOELOTES BRIGNOLI

Type Species: Coelotes armeniacus Brignoli, 1978, by original designation.

Diagnosis: Females can be recognized by the large epigynal atrium, the long, laterally situated epigynal teeth, and the broad copulatory ducts (figs. 323, 324), and males by the long, looped conductor and the absence of a conductor dorsal apophysis (figs. 325–327).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: Europe and Asia (map 13).

Composition: The genus Paracoelotes comprises 16 species, including 5 new combinations.

1. Paracoelotes armeniacus (Brignoli, 1978): male holotype, male and female paratypes from Turkey, in MCV and MNHG, examined.

2. Paracoelotes bidens (Caporiacco, 1935): type depository unknown.

3. Paracoelotes cottarellii (Brignoli, 1978): female holotype and paratypes from Sinop, Turkey, in MHNG and MCV, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

4. Paracoelotes fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946): female holotype from Ishkent, Uzbekistan, depository unknown, not examined. Females from Uzbekistan, in PSU and AMNH, examined.

5. Paracoelotes garibaldii (Kritscher, 1969): female holotype from Cippo Garibaldi, Aspromonte, Italy, in MCV, examined.

6. Paracoelotes involutus (Wang et al., 1990): male and female paratypes from Xishan, Kuming, Yunnan, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

7. Paracoelotes luctuosus (L. Koch, 1878): type depository unknown. Males and females from East Asia, in AMNH, HBI, IZB, CAS, SMF, and ZMB, examined.

8. Paracoelotes luniformis (Zhu and Wang, 1994): female holotype, male and female paratypes from Xiaguan, Yunnan, China, in NBUMS, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes). Males and females from Yunnan, China, in CAS and HBI, examined.

9. Paracoelotes major (Kroneberg, 1875): type depository unknown. Female specimens from Middle Asia, in AMNH and PSU, examined.

10. Paracoelotes pyrenaeus (Simon, 1870): male lectotype and female paralectotype from Montlouis, France, in MNHN, examined.

11. Paracoelotes segestriformis (Defour, 1820): male neotype and female paraneotype from Haute Garonne, France, in MNHN, examined.

12. Paracoelotes spasskyi (Charitonov, 1946): male and female cotypes from Lagodeksk Natural Reserve, Khochal-Dag, Caucasus, Georgia, in PSU, examined.

13. Paracoelotes spinivulvus (Simon, 1881): female holotype and paratype from Peking, China, in MNHN, examined.

Coelotes qinlingensis Peng, Gong and Kim, 1996, with female holotype, male and female paratypes from Louguantan, Shaanxi, China, in HBI, examined, is placed as a junior synonym of P. spinivulvus (Simon) because of the identical male and female genitalic morphology. new synonymy.

Cedicus mollendorffi Karsch, 1881, with 3 female syntypes from Peking, China, in ZMB, examined, is placed as a junior synonym of P. spinivulvus (Simon) because of the identical female genitalic morphology. new synonymy.

Coelotes caraftensis Kishida, 1924, with types from Sakhalin, Russia, depository unknown, not examined, is placed as a junior synonym of P. spinivulvus (Simon). Judged by the illustrations, this species is identical with P. spinivulvus (Simon) in both male and female genitalia. new synonymy.

Coelotes fascinatus Wang et al., 1990, with male and female paratypes from Yuzhong, Gansu, China, in HBI, examined, is placed as a junior synonym of P. spinivulvus (Simon) because of the identical genitalic morphology. new synonymy.

14. Paracoelotes taishanensis (Wang et al., 1990): male and female paratypes from Taishan, Shandong, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Coelotes subluctuosus Zhu and Wang, 1994, with female holotype, male and female paratypes from Taishan, Shandong, China, in NBUMS, not examined, is placed as a junior synonym of P. taishanensis. Judged by the illustrations and the locality, this species is identical with P. taishanensis in male and female genitalia. new synonymy.

15. Paracoelotes taiwanensis Wang and Ono, 1998: male holotype and female paratype from Tatachia, Nantou Hsien, Taiwan, in NSMT, examined.

16. Paracoelotes tianchiensis (Wang et al., 1990): male and female paratypes from Mt. Tianshan, Xinjiang, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Paracoelotes armeniacus (Brignoli) Figures 323–335

Diagnosis: Females are similar to those of P. major but can be distinguished by the long spermathecal heads (fig. 324). Males resemble those of P. garibaldii but can be recognized by the relatively large patellar apophysis and the less extended RTA (figs. 325–327).

Description: Total length about 8.00–14.0. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME small, about three-fourths ALE size, slightly smaller then PME, ALE largest, subequal or slightly bigger than PLE; AME may be separated by roughly their diameter or slightly less, AME-ALE about AME diameter, ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE about 1.5 PLE diameter, PME-PME slightly longer than PME diameter. Clypeal height about twice AME diameter or slightly less, covered with long, strong setae; chilum divided, hairless, long (fig. 328). Chelicerae with three promarginal, three retromarginal teeth (fig. 329).

Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, slightly anterior of distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 330–332). Only female spinnerets examined: apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), at least 29 piriform gland spigots; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP), about 40 aciniform gland spigots, at least 4 cylindrical gland spigots (CY); PLS with about 40 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots observed (figs. 333–335).

Epigynum with epigynal teeth situated anterolaterally, long; atrium large, with anterior margin extended posteriorly; copulatory ducts broad, membranous; spermathecal heads large, anteriorly situated; spermathecae longitudinally elongated, convoluted, widely separated, with indistinct bases and stalks (figs. 323, 324). Male palp with one small patellar apophysis; RTA with distal end blunt, slightly extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis small; cymbial furrow moderately long; conductor long, spiral with one apparent loop; conductor dorsal apophysis absent; conductor lamella moderately developed; embolus prolateral in origin, moderately long, linear; median apophysis spoonlike, with strongly extended distal end (figs. 325–327).

Material examined: TURKEY: Gumushane: Zigana gecidi, 2100 m, July 12, 1971, male holotype and 6 female paratypes (P. Brignoli, MNHG), Zigana gecidi, 2025 m alt., June 12, 1968, 3 female paratypes (P. Brignoli, MNHG); Zigana gecidi, 2100 m, July 12, 1971, 2 male and 7 female paratypes (G. Osella, MCV); Soganli gecidi, 2400 m, July 11, 1971, 15 females (G. Osella, MCV). Artvin: Savsat, 2450 m, July 6, 1971, 9 females (Vigna, MCV, Coll. Brignoli).

Distribution: Turkey (Gumushane, Artvin).

PLATOCOELOTES, NEW GENUS

Type Species: Coelotes impletus Peng and Wang, 1997.

Etymology: This generic name is derived from its similarity to Coelotes and to its broad epigynum, and is masculine in gender.

Diagnosis: Females can be easily recognized by the absence of epigynal teeth, the presence of an anteriorly situated epigynal cavity, the deep, posteriorly situated epigynal hoods, and the long, strongly convoluted spermathecae (figs. 336, 337), and males by the presence of two patellar apophyses (one strongly reduced in some specimens), the elongated cymbial furrow, the presence of a conductor posterior apophysis, a long embolus, and the absence of a median apophysis (figs. 338–340). Both sexes have 3 promarginal and 2 retromarginal cheliceral teeth (fig. 342).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: China (map 14).

Composition: Four species are included in this genus.

1. Platocoelotes impletus (Peng and Wang, 1997): female holotype, male and female paratypes from Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

2. Platocoelotes icohamatoides (Peng and Wang, 1997): female paratype from Naer Mt., Fenghuang, Hunan, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

3. Platocoelotes icohamatus (Zhu and Wang, 1991): female holotype, male and female paratypes from Sichuan, China, in NBUMS, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

4. Platocoelotes lichuanensis (Chen and Zhao, 1998): male holotype from Lichuan, Hubei, China, in HUW, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Platocoelotes impletus (Peng and Wang) Figures 336–348

Diagnosis: Females are similar to those of P. icohamatoides but can be distinguished by the different shape of epigynum and the long spermathecal stalks (figs. 336, 337). Males can be distinguished from those of P. lichuanensis only by the size of the conductor apex apophyses (figs. 338–340).

Description: Total length 5.00–12.0. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME slightly smaller than ALE, ALE subequal to PLE and PME; AME separated by roughly their radius, AME-ALE and ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE about 1.5 PME diameter, PME-PME separated by roughly their radius. Clypeal height about twice AME diameter or slightly less; chilum divided (fig. 341). Chelicerae with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth (fig. 342). Labium about as wide as long. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia longer than carapace length.

Tarsal organ not seen under SEM in examined specimens (figs. 343, 344). Further examination of other species also failed to locate tarsal organ (fig. 345). Female spinnerets examined: apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 64 piriform gland spigots; PMS with at least 27 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY), and 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP); PLS with at least 44 aciniform gland spigots, cylindrical gland spigots not clear in examined specimen (figs. 346–348).

Epigynum without epigynal teeth; hoods situated posteriorly near epigastric margin; atrium longitudinally elongated, shallow; epigynum with anteriorly situated, shallow cavity; copulatory ducts short; spermathecal heads small; spermathecae with stalks strongly elongated, highly convoluted; spermathecal bases small (figs. 336, 337). Male palp with two small patellar apophyses; RTA long, occupying almost tibial length, with distal end strongly extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis small; cymbial furrow long, with distal end strongly extended, slightly beyond cymbium; conductor broad, with long posteriorly extended apophysis and anteriorly extended finger-like apophyses; conductor dorsal apophysis broad; conductor lamella moderately developed; embolus posterior in origin and then curved prolaterally, long, linear; median apophysis absent (figs. 338–340).

Material Examined: CHINA: Hunan: Zhangjiajie, August 18–20, 1988, 2 male and 2 female types (J. F. Wang and X. J. Peng, HBI).

Distribution: China (Hunan).

ROBUSTICOELOTES, NEW GENUS

Type Species: Tegenaria pichoni Schenkel, 1963.

Etymology: The generic name is derived from Coelotes and the strongly developed patellar apophyses, conductor, and embolus, and is masculine in gender.

Diagnosis: Females resemble Ambanus in having a large epigynal atrium, broad copulatory ducts, and in lacking epigynal teeth, but have long, anteriorly extended spermathecae (figs. 349, 350). Males can be easily recognized by the presence of three patellar apophyses and the strongly modified retrolateral surface of the palpal tibia (figs. 351–354). Both sexes have six or seven promarginal and five or six retromarginal teeth (fig. 356), whereas most coelotines have three promarginal and less then four retromarginal teeth.

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: China (map 15).

Composition: Only R. pichoni.

Robusticoelotes pichoni (Schenkel), new combination Figures 349–359

Diagnosis: This species can be easily recognized by lacking epigynal teeth, the broad atrium, the broad copulatory ducts, the large, anteriorly situated spermathecal heads, and the long, slender spermathecae of females (figs. 349, 350), and males by having three patellar apophyses, the tibial modification, the strong, spiral, bifid conductor, the broad, membranous median apophysis, and the strong embolus (figs. 351–354).

Description: Total length 6.01–8.44. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; AME, ALE, PLE subequal or ALE slightly larger, PME slightly smaller; AME-AME about AME radius, AME-ALE and ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE wider than their diameter, PME-PME shorter than their diameter. Clypeal height roughly twice AME diameter or slightly shorter; chilum divided, elongated (fig. 355). Chelicerae with six or seven promarginal and five or six retromarginal teeth (fig. 356). Labium slightly longer than wide. Length of female first leg patella + tibia shorter than carapace length.

Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, anterior of distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 357–359). Spinnerets not examined.

Epigynum without teeth; atrium large, with apparent anterior and lateral atrial margins; lateral atrial margins convex toward each other; hoods posteriorly situated; copulatory duct broad; spermathecal heads large, situated anteriorly; spermathecae stalks long, slender, widely separated, not convoluted, covered by copulatory ducts in dorsal view; spermathecal bases more or less elongated, not convoluted (figs. 349, 350). Male palp with three patellar apophyses, two strong, one small; RTA short, with distal end not extended; lateral tibial apophysis present; lateral tibial surface strongly modified with lobes and concavity; cymbial furrow short; conductor strong, broad, spiral, with bifid apex; conductor lamella less developed; conductor dorsal apophysis short; median apophysis membranous, broad, not spoonlike; embolus basal in origin, strong, long (figs. 351–354).

Material Examined: CHINA: Zhejiang: Hangtscheou (Hangzhou), 1925, 1 male and 1 female type (MNHN, B-1979); Lin-an, October 19, 1974, 1 male (C. D. Zhu, NBUMS). Jiangsu: Nanking, April 1925, 1 female (C. Ping, AMNH).

Distribution: China (Zhejiang, Jiangsu).

SPIRICOELOTES NEW GENUS

Type Species: Coelotes zonatus Peng and Wang, 1997.

Etymology: The generic name is derived from Coelotes and the spiral conductor, the strongly spiral, convoluted spermathecae, and is masculine in gender.

Diagnosis: Females can be easily recognized by the the long, strongly convoluted spermathecae and the absence of epigynal teeth (figs. 360, 362), males by the strongly curved patellar apophysis, the elongated cymbial furrow, the absence of a conductor dorsal apophysis, and the slender, anteriorly extended, spiral conductor (figs. 366–368). Both sexes have five teeth on both cheliceral margins (fig. 365).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: China, Japan (map 16).

Composition: Two species are included in this genus.

1. Spiricoelotes urumensis (Shimojana, 1989): male holotype, male and female paratypes from Ishigaki City, Japan, in NSMT, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

2. Spiricoelotes zonatus (Peng and Wang, 1997): male and female paratypes from Changsha, Hunan, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Spiricoelotes zonatus (Peng and Wang) Figures 360–374

Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from S. urumensis by the strong spermathecae of females (fig. 361) and the relatively short conductor of males (fig. 367).

Description: Total length 6.00–8.00. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smallest, slightly smaller than ALE, ALE, PLE and PME subequal; AME separated by roughly three-fourths their diameter, AME-ALE and ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE separated by roughly three-fourths their diameter, PME-PME subequal to AME-AME or slightly longer. Clypeal height slightly longer than AME diameter; chilum divided (fig. 364). Chelicerae with five teeth on both margins (fig. 365). Labium wider than long. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia longer than carapace length.

Tarsal organ situated anterior of most distal trichobothrium (figs. 369–371). Only female spinnerets examined: apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), about 23 piriform gland spigots; PMS with spigots with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP), about 20 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY); PLS with about 30 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (figs. 372–374).

Epigynum with epigynal teeth absent; atrium reduced to atrial slits; hoods well developed; copulatory ducts short; spermathecal heads small, apparent; spermathecae with stalks long, slender, spiral twice around copulatory ducts, then down close together; spermathecae bases slightly looped (figs. 360, 361). Male palpal patellar apophysis long, with distal end sharply curved dorsally; RTA long, with distal end broad, not extend anteriorly; lateral tibial apophysis present; cymbial furrow elongated, with distal end strongly extended beyond cymbium, dorsal edge strongly concave; conductor long, slender, extended anteriorly; conductor dorsal apophysis absent; conductor lamella small; embolus posterior in origin, long, linear; median apophysis absent (figs. 366–368).

Material Examined: CHINA: Hunan: Changsha, January 7, 1985, 2 male and 2 female paratypes (J. F. Wang, HBI); Changsha, Yuelushan, June 1995, 1 female (X. P. Wang, IZB). Sichuan: Chengdu, Bao-guang Monstery, May 21, 1989, 2 males (P. Beron, COLL. DEELEMAN-REINHOLD). Jiangsu: Nanjing, Zijin (Purple) Mt., 350–450 m, October 9, 1988, 1 female (P. Beron, COLL. DEELEMAN-REINHOLD). Hubei: Wudangshan, Laoying, May 10, 1982, female holotype and female paratype of Coelotes laoyingensis (HUW).

Distribution: China (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan).

TEGECOELOTES OVTCHINNIKOV

Type Species: Coelotes bicaudatus Paik, 1976, by original designation.

Diagnosis: Females can be distinguished by the broad epigynal teeth, the reduced atrium, and the short copulatory ducts (figs. 375, 376), males by the elongated patella and the long, but not spoonlike median apophysis (figs. 377–380).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: China, Japan, Korea, Far eastern Russia (map 17).

Composition: Five species are included in this genus.

1. Tegecoelotes corasides (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906): male and female types from Saga, Japan, in SMF, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

2. Tegecoelotes bicaudatus (Paik, 1976): female holotype from Mt. Ode, Korea, deposited in Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea, not examined.

3. Tegecoelotes ignotus (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906): two female types (not further designated) from Japan, in SMF, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

4. Tegecoelotes michikoae (Nishikawa, 1977): female holotype, male and female paratypes from Minoo, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, deposited in the Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, and in the Arachnological Society of Japan, Ohtemon-Gakuin University, Osaka, Japan, not examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

5. Tegecoelotes muscicapa (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906): male holotype from Saga, Japan, in SMF, examined. new combination (valid species, transferred here from Coelotes).

Tegecoelotes bicaudatus (Paik) Figures 375–383

Diagnosis: Females can be distinguished from those of T. corasides by the relatively narrow epigynal teeth and the small, anteriorly situated copulatory ducts (figs. 375, 376), males by the short, slender conductor and the spiral median apophysis (figs. 378, 380).

Description: Total length 7.00–9.50. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smallest, ALE largest, PLE and PME subequal, slightly smaller than ALE; AME-AME subequal to AME-ALE, ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE separated by roughly their diameter or slightly longer, PME-PME separated by roughly their diameter or slightly shorter. Clypeal height slightly less than twice AME diameter; chilum divided. Chelicerae with teeth on both margins. Labium as long as wide. Length of female first leg patella + tibia longer than carapace length.

Tarsal organ of this species not examined. Tarsal organ of T. corasides on distal end of tarsus, anterior of distalmost trichobothrium. Female spinnerets: ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), about 46 piriform gland spigots; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP), about 31 aciniform gland spigots, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY); PLS not fully expanded in examined specimen, with about 34 aciniform gland spigots, cylindrical gland spigots not seen (figs. 381–383).

Epigynum with broad epigynal teeth, close together; atrium reduced to atrial slit; copulatory ducts short, situated anterad of spermathecae; spermathecal heads short, broad; spermathecae with stalks extended laterally, bases small, situated medially (figs. 375, 376). Male palp with patella strongly elongated; patellar apophysis present; RTA long, with distal end strongly extended; lateral tibial apophysis present; cymbial furrow short; conductor moderately long, with apex close to apex of median apohysis; conductor dorsal apophysis slender; conductor lamella not well developed; embolus prolateral in origin, short, linear; median apophysis not spoonlike, long, spiral, with distal end grooved and supported conductor apex; base of median apophysis membranous, slightly expanded (figs. 377–380).

Material Examined: RUSSIA: Far East: S-Primorie, “Kedrovaya Pad” Reservation in a living house, June 12–December 24, 1977, 2 males and 2 females (B. P. Zakharov, SZM). SOUTH KOREA: Moon-Kyang-Sae-Jae, August 20, 1990, 1 male (J. P. Kim, KAI).

Distribution: Korea, far eastern Russia.

TONSILLA WANG AND YIN

Type Species: Tonsilla truculenta Wang and Yin, 1992, by original designation.

Diagnosis: Females can be easily recognized by the large epigynal atrium, the posterior extension of the anterior atrial margin, the medially situated epigynal teeth, and the large copulatory ducts (figs. 384, 385), and males by the long, dorsally curved patellar apophysis and the short, lobed conductor (figs. 386–388). Both sexes have three promarginal and two retromarginal cheliceral teeth (fig. 396).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: Central China (map 18).

Composition: Four species are included in the genus Tonsilla.

1. Tonsilla eburniformis Wang and Yin, 1992: female holotype from Muyu, Shenlongjia, Hubei, China, in HTU, examined.

2. Tonsilla imitata Wang and Yin, 1992: female holotype from Qiayang, Hunan, China, in HBI, not examined.

3. Tonsilla truculenta Wang and Yin, 1992: female holotype, male and female paratypes from Tianzishan, Sangzhi, Hunan, China, in HEU, examined.

4. Tonsilla variegatus (Wang et al., 1990): female holotype and male paratype from Huangshan, Anhui, China, in HBI, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Tonsilla truculenta Wang and Yin Figures 384–399

Diagnosis: Females can be distinguished from those of T. eburniformis and T. imitata by the weak, overlapping epigynal teeth (figs. 384, 385). Males can be recognized by the long patellar apophysis and the broad, lobed conductor (figs. 386–399).

Description: Total length 7.00–16.0. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row strongly procurved; AME smallest, ALE subequal to PLE, PME slightly smaller than PLE; AME-AME, AME-ALE subequal to AME diameter; ALE-PLE close together; PLE-PME widely separated; PME-PME subequal to AME-AME, slightly shorter than PME diameter, AME-PME separated by roughly AME diameter or slight longer; clypeus height about twice AME diameter; chilum divided, long (fig. 389). Chelicerae with three promarginal, two retromarginal teeth (fig. 390). Labium longer than wide.

Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, anterior of distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 391–393). Apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 46–50 piriform gland spigots (PI) in both sexes; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP), about 58–71 aciniform gland spigots (AC) in both sexes, female PMS with 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY); PLS with about 83–138 aciniform gland spigots in both sexes, 2 cylindrical gland spigots in female (figs. 394–399).

Epigynum with slender epigynal teeth, situated close together anteromedially; atrium large; septum present; copulatory ducts broad, situated mesad of spermathecae; spermathecal heads large; spermathecae longitudially elongated, convoluted, with stalks and bases indistinct (figs. 384, 385). Male palp with long, dorsally curved patellar apophysis; RTA long, with distal end strongly extended; lateral tibial apophysis present; cymbial furrow short, with dorsal edge slightly concave; tegular sclerite present; conductor moderately long, lobed; conductor dorsal apophysis slender; conductor lamella short, less developed; embolus basal in origin, moderately long, linear; median apophysis spoonlike, with extended distal end (figs. 386–388).

Material Examined: CHINA: Hunan: Sangzhi, Tianzishan, October 27, 1989, female holotype, 1 male and 7 female paratypes (J. F. Wang, HTU).

Distribution: China (Hunan).

UROCORAS OVTCHINNIKOV

Type Species: Coelotes longispinus Kulczyn'ski, 1887, by original designation.

Diagnosis: Females can be recognized by the long epigynal teeth, the large, anteriorly extended copulatory ducts, and the small spermathecae (figs. 400, 401), and males by the absence of a conductor dorsal apophysis, the strong embolus, and the smooth, rounded median apophysis (figs. 402–404).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: Eastern Europe (map 19).

Composition: Five species are included in the genus Urocoras.

1. Urocoras longispinus (Kulczyn'ski, 1897): male lectotype and female paralectotype from Hungary, in MNHN, examined.

2. Urocoras matesianus (de Blauwe, 1973): female holotype and paratype from Roccamandolfi, Matese, Abruzzi, Italy, in MCV, examined.

3. Urocoras munieri (Simon, 1880): male holotype from Sebenino, Yugoslavia, in MNHN, examined. Female specimens from Yugoslavia and Italy examined.

4. Urocoras nicomedis (Brignoli, 1978): female holotype and paratypes from Turkey, in MHNG and MCV, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

5. Urocoras phthisicus (Brignoli, 1978): female holotype from Ballidag, Kastamonu, Turkey, in MNHG, examined. new combination (transferred here from Coelotes).

Urocoras longispinus (Kulczyn'ski) Figures 400–409

Diagnosis: This species can be easily recognized by the strongly elongated, close epigynal teeth and the reduced atrium of females (fig. 400), and by the broad, deeply grooved conductor and the presence of a prolateral tegular sclerite apophysis in males (figs. 402–404).

Description: Total length about 8.00–9.00. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: ALE largest, AME, PLE, PME subequal, slightly smaller than ALE; AME may be separated by roughly their radius, AME-ALE subequal to AME-AME, ALE-PLE close together, PME-PLE slightly longer than their diameters, PME-PME slightly shorter than PME diameter. Clypeal height slightly longer than AME diameter; chilum divided (fig. 405). Chelicerae with three teeth on both margins (fig. 406). Labium slightly longer than wide.

Tarsal organ situated close to distal end of tarsus, slightly anterior of most distal trichobothrium (figs. 407–409). Spinnerets not examined.

Epigynal teeth strongly elongated, slightly curved; atrium reduced to atrial slit; copulatory ducts large, situated anterad of spermanthecae; spermathecal heads situated anteriorly; spermathecae small, convoluted, with stalks and bases indistinct (figs. 400, 401). Male palp with bifurcated patellar apophysis; RTA long, with distal end slightly extended beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis present; cymbial furrow short; tegular sclerite with prolateral apophysis; conductor long, broad; conductor dorsal apophysis absent; conductor lamella moderately developed; embolus prolateral in origin, strong; median apophysis spoonlike, with distal end smooth, not pointed (figs. 402–404).

Material Examined: BULGARIA: Black Sea, Albena, August 5, 1995, 1 male (V. Popov, IZS). HUNGARY: male lectotype and 1 female paralectotype (E. Simon, MNHN, Bocal 2.001, tube n 12.198); 1 female (CAS).

Distribution: Bulgaria, Hungary.

WADOTES CHAMBERLIN

Type Species: Wadotes dixiensis Chamberlin, 1925, by original designation.

Diagnosis: Wadotes can be easily recognized by the single, medially situated epigynal tooth of females (fig. 410), and by the presence of proximal cymbial apophyses in males (figs. 412–416). All Wadotes species examined have small AME, and three promarginal and two retromarginal cheliceral teeth (figs. 417, 418).

Description: See description of type species (below).

Distribution: Eastern North America, from Nova Scotia to Georgia (map 20).

Composition: Twelve species were recognized in a recent revision (Bennett, 1987). One of them, Wadotes primus Fox, 1937, was transferred to the genus Coelotes by Wang et al. (2001) and is placed here as a member of Bifidocoelotes.

1. Wadotes bimucronatus (Simon, 1898).

2. Wadotes calcaratus (Keyserling, 1887).

3. Wadotes carinidactylus Bennett, 1987.

4. Wadotes deceptis Bennett, 1987.

5. Wadotes dixiensis Chamberlin, 1925.

6. Wadotes geogiensis Howell, 1974.

7. Wadotes hybridus (Emerton, 1889).

8. Wadotes mumai Bennett, 1987.

9. Wadotes saturnus Bennett, 1987.

10. Wadotes tennesseensis Gertsch, 1936.

11. Wadotes willsi Bennett, 1987.

Wadotes dixiensis Chamberlin Figures 410–428

Diagnosis: Females of this species can be distinguished by the broad spermathecal duct (fig. 411), and males by the shape of conductor dorsal apophysis (figs. 413, 414, 416).

Description: Total length about 5.00–12.0. From front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row procurved; eye sizes and arrangements: AME smallest, about half ALE size, ALE slightly bigger than PLE, PME about 1.5 AME size; AME may be separated by roughly their diameter, AME-ALE about one-half AME diameter and subequal to ALE-PLE, PME-PLE about 1.5 PME diameter, PME-PME slightly shorter than PME diameter, AME-PME about PME diameter. Clypeal height about twice AME diameter, covered with long, strong setae; chilum divided, hairless, short (fig. 417). Chelicerae with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth (fig. 418). Labium about as long as wide, slightly notched distally. Length of female 1st leg patella + tibia shorter than carapace length.

Tarsal organ very small, situated close to distal end of tarsus, anterior of distalmost trichobothrium (figs. 420–422). Trachea simple (fig. 419). Apex of ALS with 2 major ampullate gland spigots (MAP), 13–20 piriform gland spigots in both sexes; PMS with 1 or 2 minor ampullate gland spigots (mAP) which may be more or less reduced and 37–38 aciniform gland spigots (AC) in both sexes, 2 cylindrical gland spigots (CY) in female; PLS with about 42–48 aciniform gland spigots in both sexes and 2 cylindrical gland spigots in female (figs. 423–428).

Female epigynum with single, median, broad epigynal tooth; atrium reduced to atrial slit; copulatory ducts short; spermathecal heads anterolaterally situated; spermathecal stalks long, enclosed in single, broad bursa; spermathecal bases small, bifid, laterally situated (figs. 410, 411). Male palp with one patellar apophyses, short; RTA long, occupying most of tibia, but not beyond tibia; lateral tibial apophysis transversely extend, formed small concavity on distal tibia; cymbial furrow moderately long, with distinct dorsal edge; tegular sclerite with prolateral apophysis; conductor long, strong; conductor dorsal apophysis with two dorsal and ventral teeth; conductor lamella large; embolus basal in origin, moderately long, linear; median apophysis spoonlike, with distal end not sharply pointed; tegular carina not apparent (figs. 412–416).

Material Examined: USA: Alabama: Dekalb Co., DeSoto Park, December 1937, 1 male (AMNH); Colbert Co., Wolf Den Cave, September 25, 1940, 1 male (Jones and Archer, AMNH); Walker Co., Johns of Warrior River, October 20, 1912, 1 male (AMNH); Shelby Co., Oak Mt. State Park, May 9, 1947, 1 female (A. F. Archer, AMNH); Colbert Co., Spring Cave, near Maud, September 25, 1940, 1 female (Jones and Archer, AMNH); De Kalb Co., Ravine W. of Mentone, July 27, 1950, 1 female (A. F. Archer, AMNH). Georgia: Ft. Benning, November 20, 1943, 1 male (D. E. Beck, AMNH). North Carolina: Macon Co., Wayali Bald., June 18, 1950, 1 female (A. F. Archer, AMNH); Aquane, W83.39, N32.12, 1 male (AMNH); Highland, April 5, 1929, 1 male (S. C. Biship, AMNH); Coly Co., April 29, 1938, 2 females (J. H. Hubbell, AMNH); Coly Co., April 29, 1938, 1 male and 3 females (J. H. Hubbell, AMNH).

Distribution: North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama.