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27 January 2024 Food and social cues modulate reproductive development but not migratory behavior in a nomadic songbird, the Pine Siskin
Ben J. Vernasco, Jamie M. Cornelius, Heather E. Watts
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

Many animals rely on photoperiodic and non-photoperiodic environmental cues to gather information and appropriately time life-history stages across the annual cycle, such as reproduction, molt, and migration. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that the reproductive physiology, but not migratory behavior, of captive Pine Siskins (Spinus pinus) responds to both food and social cues during the spring migratory-breeding period. Pine Siskins are a nomadic finch with a highly flexible breeding schedule and, in the spring, free-living Pine Siskins can wander large geographic areas and opportunistically breed. To understand the importance of non-photoperiodic cues to the migratory-breeding transition, we maintained individually housed birds on either a standard or enriched diet in the presence of group-housed heterospecifics or conspecifics experiencing either the standard or enriched diet type. We measured body condition and reproductive development of all Pine Siskins and, among individually housed Pine Siskins, quantified nocturnal migratory restlessness. In group-housed birds, the enriched diet caused increases in body condition and, among females, promoted reproductive development. Among individually housed birds, female reproductive development differed between treatment groups, whereas male reproductive development did not. Specifically, individually housed females showed greater reproductive development when presented with conspecifics compared to heterospecifics. The highest rate of female reproductive development, however, was observed among individually housed females provided the enriched diet and maintained with group-housed conspecifics on an enriched diet. Changes in nocturnal migratory restlessness did not vary by treatment group or sex. By manipulating both the physical and social environment, this study demonstrates how multiple environmental cues can affect the timing of transitions between life-history stages with differential responses between sexes and between migratory and reproductive systems.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Many animals inform decisions associated with survival and reproduction using a multitude of environmental cues, including photoperiodic and non-photoperiodic cues.

  • How multiple environmental cues combine to influence animal decision-making is not well understood.

  • We experimentally tested how different combinations of non-photoperiodic cues, including social cues, influenced the spring migratory behavior and reproductive physiology of Pine Siskins.

  • Pine Siskins are a nomadic finch with highly flexible breeding and migratory behavior that are known to be modulated by non-photoperiodic cues.

  • Results demonstrate that the presence of conspecifics—but not heterospecifics that are ecologically relevant—and direct access to preferred diet items promote female reproductive development.

  • Male reproductive development and nocturnal migratory restlessness did not differ across experimental treatments.

  • Our results highlight sex-specific differences in environmental cue use and demonstrate how animals can use multiple types of environmental cues to differentially inform decisions associated with the timing of annual cycle events.

Muchos animales dependen de señales ambientales fotoperiódicas y no fotoperiódicas para recopilar información y sincronizar adecuadamente las etapas del ciclo anual de su historia de vida, como la reproducción, la muda y la migración. Aquí, demostramos experimentalmente que la fisiología reproductiva, pero no el comportamiento migratorio, de individuos de Spinus pinus en cautiverio responden tanto a señales alimenticias como sociales durante el período migratorio-reproductivo de primavera. S. pinus es un ave nómada con un esquema reproductivo altamente flexible y, en primavera, los individuos que viven en libertad pueden deambular por grandes áreas geográficas y reproducirse de modo oportunista. Para entender la importancia de las señales no fotoperiódicas en la transición migratoria-reproductiva, mantuvimos aves alojadas individualmente ya sea con una dieta estándar o una enriquecida, en presencia de individuos heteroespecíficos o conspecíficos alojados en grupo, que recibieron ya sea el tipo de dieta estándar o la enriquecida. Medimos la condición corporal y el desarrollo reproductivo de todos los individuos de S. pinus y, entre los individuos alojados individualmente, cuantificamos la inquietud migratoria nocturna. En las aves alojadas en grupo, la dieta enriquecida causó aumentos en la condición corporal y, entre las hembras, promovió el desarrollo reproductivo. Entre las aves alojadas individualmente, el desarrollo reproductivo de las hembras difirió entre los grupos de tratamiento, mientras que el desarrollo reproductivo de los machos no lo hizo. En particular, las hembras alojadas individualmente mostraron un mayor desarrollo reproductivo cuando se presentaban con conspecíficos en comparación con heteroespecíficos. La tasa más alta de desarrollo reproductivo en las hembras, sin embargo, se observó entre las hembras alojadas individualmente que recibieron la dieta enriquecida y que se mantuvieron con conspecíficos alojados en grupo con la dieta enriquecida. Los cambios en la inquietud migratoria nocturna no variaron según el grupo de tratamiento o el sexo. Al manipular tanto el entorno físico como social, este estudio demuestra cómo múltiples señales ambientales pueden afectar el momento de las transiciones entre las etapas de la historia de vida, con respuestas diferenciales entre los sexos y entre los sistemas migratorios y reproductivos.

Ben J. Vernasco, Jamie M. Cornelius, and Heather E. Watts "Food and social cues modulate reproductive development but not migratory behavior in a nomadic songbird, the Pine Siskin," Ornithology 141(2), 1-17, (27 January 2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukae006
Received: 5 July 2023; Accepted: 18 January 2024; Published: 27 January 2024
KEYWORDS
comportamiento migratorio
desarrollo reproductivo
diferencias de género
environmental cues
food cues
migratory behavior
non-photoperiodic cues
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