Madroño

Published by: California Botanical Society

translator disclaimer


Madroño 60(2):64-86. 2013
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-60.2.64

Tanoak Landscapes: Tending a Native American Nut Tree
No Access
Frederica Bowcutt

Author Affiliation

Frederica Bowcutt

The Evergreen State College, Lab II, 2700 Evergreen Parkway NW, Olympia, WA 98505 bowcuttf@evergreen.edu

Copyright & Usage

California Botanical Society

Abstract

Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Manos, Cannon & S.H. Oh (Fagaceae) (tanoak) needs immediate conservation attention due to the threat posed by Phytophthora ramorum Werres, de Cock & Man in't Veld, the water mold responsible for sudden oak death. This article explains the significant cultural value of tanoak and the seriousness of the sudden oak death threat. Current efforts to limit the spread of P. ramorum are not working adequately to prevent pathogen spread and maintain healthy ecosystems. The heartland of tanoak's distribution in northern California is at risk. I advocate for a collaborative process with tribal leadership to identify areas with mature tanoaks where traditional indigenous burning practices can be tested in combination with best management practices informed by western science. New approaches are needed to tend to tanoaks despite the sudden oak death pathogen and other threats.


Literature Cited

American Philosophical Society. 2012. Native American audio collections. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. Website: www.amphilsoc.org/exhibit/natamaudio/yuki [accessed 30 October 2012].
Anderson, K. 1993. Native Californians as ancient and contemporary cultivators. Pp. 151174 in T. C. Blackburn and K. Anderson, (eds.), Before the wilderness environmental management by Native Californians. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, CA.
Anderson, M. K. 2005. Tending the wild: Native American knowledge and the management of California's natural resources. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Anderson, R. S. and S. L. Carpenter. 1991. Vegetation change in Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California during the protohistoric period. Madroño 38:113.
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). 2010. United States Department of Agriculture. Confirmed Nursery Protocol. Website: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/protocols.shtml#response [accessed 12 February 2013].
Baker, M. A. 1981. The ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa, and Karok Indians of northwest California. M.S. thesis. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.
Barrett, S. A. 1964. The beautiful tree–Chishkale. The American Indian Series 16 mm motion picture. University of California Extension Media Center, Berkeley, CA.
Basgall, M. E. 1987. Resource intensification among hunter-gatherers: acorn economies in prehistoric California. Pp. 2152 in B. L. Isaac (ed.), Research in economic anthropology, Vol. 9. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
Baumhoff, M. A. 1963. Ecological determinants of aboriginal California populations. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49:155236.
Baumhoff, M. A. 1978. Environmental background. Pp. 1624 in R. F. Heizer (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, California. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
Beard, Y. S. 1979. The Wappo: a report. Malki Museum Press, Morongo Indian Reservation, Banning, CA.
Berkes, F. 1999. Sacred ecology: traditional ecological knowledge and resource management. Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia, PA.
Bledsoe, A. J. 1885. Indian wars of the Northwest: a California sketch. Bacon & Company, Book and Job Printers, San Francisco, CA.
Bocek, B. R. 1984. Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, based on collections by John P. Harrington. Economic Botany 38:240255. CrossRef
Bowcutt, F. 1994–1996. A floristic study of Sinkyone Wilderness State Park, Mendocino County, California. Wasmann Journal of Biology 51:64143.
Bowcutt, F. 1996. Wild restoration: building multicultural partnership in the Sinkyone Wilderness. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Davis, CA.
Bowcutt, F. 1999. Ecological restoration and local communities: a case study from Sinkyone Wilderness State Park, Mendocino County, California. Human Ecology 27:359368. CrossRef
Bowcutt, F. 2011. Tanoak target: the rise and fall of herbicide use on a common native tree. Environmental History 16:197225.
Brasier, C. M. 2008. The biosecurity threat to the U.K. and global environment from international trade in plants. Plant Pathology 57:792808. CrossRef
Brasier, C. M. and S. A. Kirk. 2004. Production of gametangia by Phytophthora ramorum in vitro. Mycological Research 108:823827. CrossRef, PubMed
Briles, C. E., C. Whitlock, and P. J. Bartlein. 2005. Postglacial vegetation, fire, and climate history of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, USA. Quaternary Research 64:4456. CrossRef
Bueno, M., J. Deshais, and L. Arguello. 2010. Waiting for SOD: sudden oak death and Redwood National and State Parks. Pp. 297301 in S. J. Frankel, J. T. Kliejunas, and K. M. Palmieri (tech. coords.), Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fourth Science Symposium. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-229. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA.
California Oak Mortality Task Force. 2011. Ecology of Tree Diseases. Website: http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/ecology-of-tree-diseases/ [accessed 29 May 2011].
California Oak Mortality Task Force. 2012. California Oak Mortality Task Force Report- June 2012. Website: http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/COMTF-Report-June-2012.pdf [accessed 11 July, 2012].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2011. Trends in diabetes prevalence among American Indian and Alaska Native children, adolescents, and young adults—1990–1998. Website: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheets/aian.htm [accessed 27 August 2011].
Chartkoff, J. L. and K. K. Chartkoff. 1984. The archaeology of California, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
Chestnut, V. K. 1974. Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium, Vol. 7. Reprinted by the Mendocino County Historical Society, Ukiah, CA.
Cobb, R. C., J. A. N. Filipe, R. K. Meentemeyer, C. A. Gilligan, and D. M. Rizzo. 2012. Ecosystem transformation by emerging infectious disease: loss of large tanoak from California forests. Journal of Ecology 100:712722. CrossRef
Curtin, L. S. M. 1957. Some plants used by the Yuki Indians of Round Valley, northern California (with historical review and photos by M. C. Irwin). Southwest Museum Leaflets, no. 27. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, CA.
Davis, B. J. 1991. Plants and the people: the ethnobotany of the Karuk Tribe. Siskiyou County Museum, Yreka, CA.
Driver, H. 1952. The acorn in North American Indian diet. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 62:5662.
Essene, F. 1942. Cultural element distributions: XXI Round Valley. University of California Anthropological Records 8:197.
Evans, E. A. 2004. Potential problems facing the U.S. nursery industry. Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida IFAS Extension, EDIS document FE491. Website: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE49100.pdf [accessed 20 August 2012].
Frankel, S. J. 2008. Sudden oak death and Phytophthora ramorum in the USA: a management challenge. Australasian Plant Pathology 37:1925. CrossRef
Frankel, S. J. and E. M. Hansen. 2011. Forest Phytophthora diseases in the Americas: 2007–2010. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 41S:S159164.
Freinkel, S. 2007. American chestnut: the life, death, and rebirth of a perfect tree. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Fryer, J. L. 2008. Lithocarpus densiflorus.. In Fire Effects Information System [Online]. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Website: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/litden/all.html [accessed 21 August 2012].
Garbelotto, M., K. Ivors, D. Huberli, P. Bonants, and A. Wagner. 2006. Potential for sexual reproduction of Phytophthora ramorum in Washington State nurseries. P. 129 in S. J. Frankel, P. J. Shea, and M. I. Haverty, (eds.), Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium: the state of our knowledge, January 18–21, 2005, Monterey, California, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-196. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA.
Geospatial Innovation Facility. 2012. Distribution of sudden oak death as of February 20, 2012. OakMapper: monitoring sudden oak death. Geospatial Innovation Facility and Kelly Research & Outreach Lab. University of California, Berkeley, CA. Website: www.oakmapper.org/pdf/California.pdf [accessed 30 October 2012].
Gifford, E. W. 1967. Ethnographic notes on the southwestern Pomo. University of California Anthropological Records 25:148.
Gifford, E. W. 1968. California balanophagy. Pp. 8798 in Essays in Anthropology, presented to A. L. Kroeber in celebration of his sixtieth birthday, June 11, 1936. Books for Libraries Press, Inc., Freeport, N.Y. reprinted in 1968 by arrangement with the University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Gifford, E. W. 1971. Californian balanophagy. Pp. 301305 in R. F. Heizer and M. A. Whipple, (eds.), The California Indians: a source book, second edition revised and enlarged. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Gilliland, L. E. 1985. Proximate analysis and mineral composition of traditional California Native American foods. M.S. thesis. University of California, Davis, CA.
Goodrich, J., C. Lawson, and V. P. Lawson. 1980. Kashaya Pomo plants, American Indian Monograph Series No. 2. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
Gould, R. A. 1976. Ecology and adaptive response among the Tolowa Indians of northwestern California. Pp. 4978 in L. J. Bean and T. C. Blackburn, (eds.), Native Californians: a theoretical retrospective. Ballena Press, Socorro, N.M.
Goss, E. M., M. Larsen, A. Vercauteren, S. Werres, K. Heungens, and N. J. Grünwald. 2011. Phytophthora ramorum in Canada: evidence for migration within North America and from Europe. Phytopathology 101:166171. CrossRef, PubMed
Greene, E. L. 1889. Illustrations of West American oaks: from drawings of the late Albert Kellogg, M.D. Published with funds from James M. McDonald, Esq, San Francisco, CA.
Griffin, J. R. and W. B. Critchfield. 1976. The distribution of forest trees in California. Research Paper PSW-82. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA.
Grünwald, N. J., M. Garbelotto, E. M. Goss, K. Heungens, and S. Prospero. 2012. Emergence of the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Trends in Microbiology 20:131138. CrossRef, PubMed
Hansen, E. M., A. Kanaskie, S. Prospero, M. McWilliams, E. M. Goheen, N. Osterbauer, P. Reeser, and W. Sutton. 2008. Epidemiology of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon tanoak forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:11331143. CrossRef
Hayden, K. J., A. Nettel, R. S. Dodd, and M. Garbelotto. 2011. Will all the trees fall? Variable resistance to an introduced forest disease in a highly susceptible host. Forest Ecology and Management 261:17811791. CrossRef
Heizer, R. F. and A. B. Elsasser. 1980. The natural world of the California Indians. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Hirsch, J. 2004. Nursery group wins dispute. Los Angeles Times, August 3, 2004.
Hosten, P. E., O. E. Hickman, F. K. Lake, F. A. Lang, and D. Vesely. 2006. Oak woodlands and savannas. Pp. 6396 in D. Apostol and M. Sinclair, (eds.), Restoring the Pacific Northwest: the art and science of ecological restoration in Cascadia. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2011. Website: http://www.itis.gov [accessed 18 September 2011].
Ivors, K., M. Garbelotto, I. D. E. Vries, C. Ruyter-Spira, B. T. E. Hekkert, N. Rosenzweig, and P. Bonants. 2006. Microsatellite markers identify three lineages of Phytophthora ramorum in US nurseries, yet single lineages in US forest and European nursery populations. Molecular Ecology 15:14931505. CrossRef, PubMed
Jepson, W. L. 1909. The trees of California. Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, San Francisco, CA.
Jepson, W. L. 1910. The silva of California. Memoirs of the University of California Vol. 2. The University Press, Berkeley, CA.
Jepson, W. L. 1911. Tanbark oak and the tanning industry. California tanbark oak – Part II, U.S. Forest Service Bulletin 75. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. CrossRef
Kelly, M. 2011. Erratic, extreme day-to-day weather puts climate change in new light. News at Princeton, Princeton University. Website: http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S32/13/25I02/index.xml?section=topstories [accessed 10 February 2013].
Kliejunas, J. 2010. Sudden oak death and Phytophthora ramorum: a summary of the literature. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-234. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA.
Kluza, D. A., D. A. Vieglais, J. K. Andreasen, and A. T. Peterson. 2007. Sudden oak death: geographic risk estimates and predictions of origins. Plant Pathology 56:580587. CrossRef
Kniffen, F. B. 1939. Pomo geography. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 36:353400.
Knighten, C. and J. Redding. 2004. USDA takes action in three states to halt spread of plant fungus. News release of the United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Website: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/sod/sod_12_2004.shtml [accessed 11 February 2013].
Kroeber, A. L. 1919. Sinkyone tales. Journal of American Folklore 32:346351. CrossRef
Kroeber, A. L. and E. W. Gifford. 1949. World renewal, a cult system of native northwest California. University of California Anthropological Records 13:1156.
Lee, C. 2009. Sudden oak death and fire - 2009 update. California Oak Mortality Task Force. Website: http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/pdf/summary%20of%20fire%20and%20p%20ramorum%20issues%20v5.3.pdf [accessed 15 January 2012].
Lewis, H. T. 1993. Patterns of Indian burning in California: ecology and ethnohistory. Pp. 55116 in T. C. Blackburn and K. Anderson, (eds.), Before the wilderness environmental management by Native Californians. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, CA.
Lightfoot, K. G. 2005. Indians, missionaries, and merchants: the legacy of colonial encounters on the California frontiers. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Loud, L. L. 1918. Ethnography and archaeology of the Wiyot Territory. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14:221436.
MacLeod, A., M. Pautasso, M. J. Jeger, and R. Haines-Young. 2010. Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant health. Food Security 2:4970. CrossRef
Marshall, W. 1984. The art of making acorn soup. In Fall 2008 Newsletter. Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, University of California Berkeley, CA. Website: http://hearstmuseum.berkeley.edu/about/newsletter/2008-fall [accessed 10 February 2013].
Mascheretti, S., P. J. P. Croucher, A. Vettraino, S. Prospero, and M. Garbelotto. 2008. Reconstruction of the sudden oak death epidemic in California through microsatellite analysis of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Molecular Ecology 17:27552768. CrossRef, PubMed
McCarthy, H. 1993. Managing oaks and the acorn crop. Pp. 213228 in T. C. Blackburn and K. Anderson, (eds.), Before the wilderness: environmental management by Native Californians. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, CA.
McDonald, P. M. and D. W. Huber. 1995. California's hardwood resource: managing for wildlife, water, pleasing scenery, and wood products. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-154. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA.
McDonald, P. M., and Tappeiner. J. C., II. 1987. Silviculture, ecology, and management of tanoak in northern California. Pp. 6470 in T. R. Plumb, and N. H. Pillsbury (tech. coords.),Proceedings of the Symposium on Multiple-use Management of California's Hardwood Resources, November 12-14, 1986, San Luis Obispo, California. General Technical Report PSW-100. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA.
McPherson, B. A., S. R. Mori, D. L. Wood, A. J. Storer, P. Svihra, N. M. Kelly, and R. B. Standiford. 2005. Sudden oak death in California: disease progression in oaks and tanoaks. Forest Ecology and Management 213:7189. CrossRef
Medvigy, D. and C. Beaulieu. 2012. Trends in daily solar radiation and precipitation coefficients of variation since 1984. Journal of Climate 25:13301339. CrossRef
Meentemeyer, R. K., N. J. Cunniffe, A. R. Cook, J. A. N. Filipe, R. D. Hunter, D. M. Rizzo, and C. A. Gilligan. 2011. Epidemiological modeling of invasion in heterogeneous landscapes: spread of sudden oak death in California (1990–2030). Ecosphere 2:art 17 doi:10.1890/ES10-00192.1. CrossRef
Meentemeyer, R. K., D. Rizzo, W. Mark, and E. Lotz. 2004. Mapping the risk of establishment and spread of sudden oak death in California. Forest Ecology and Management 200:195214. CrossRef
Middleton, B. R. 2011. Trust in the land: new directions in tribal conservation. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Moritz, M. and D. C. Odion. 2005. Examining the strength and possible causes of the relationship between fire history and sudden oak death. Oecologia 144:106114. CrossRef, PubMed
National Park Service (NPS). 2013. Sudden oak death. Redwood National and State Parks. Website: http://www.nps.gov/redw/naturescience/sod.htm [accessed 10 February 2013].
Nixon, K. C. 1997. Fagaceae. Pp. 436506 in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds.). 1997, Flora of North America: North of Mexico, Vol. 3 Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Nomland, G. A. 1935. Sinkyone notes. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 36:149178.
Oregon Department of Agriculture. 2012. Sudden oak death, Curry County, OR, 14 March 2012. ODA, Commodity Inspection, Plant Health. Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem, OR. Website: www.oregon.gov/ODA/CID/PLANT_HEALTH/PublishingImages/lg/sodquar2012.jpg [accessed 29 November 2012].
Oregon Flora Project. 2012. Oregon plant atlas. Oregon Flora Project. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Website: www.oregonflora.org/atlas.php [accessed 26 November 2012].
Ortiz, B. R. 2008. Contemporary California Indian uses for food of species affected by Phytophthora ramorum. Pp. 419425 in S. J. Frankel, J. T. Kliejunas, and K. M. Palmieri (tech. coords.), Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Third Science Symposium. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-214. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA.
Peattie, D. C. 1991. A natural history of western trees. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA.
Peterson, U. 2012. Sudden oak death continues to spread in the Mattole Watershed. Mattole Restoration News #37 Winter/Spring issue 1516.
Porter, R. D. and N. C. Robertson. 2011. Tracking implementation of the special need request process under the Plant Protection Act. Environmental Law Reporter 41:1100011019.
Prain, D. (ed.) 1917. Curtis's botanical magazine, illustrating and describing plants of the Royal Botanic Gardens of Kew and of other botanical establishments, Vol. 13 of the fourth series. L. Reeve & Co., Ltd., London, U.K.
Radtke, L. B. 1937.The tan oak, friend of the Hoopa Valley Indians: shall we destroy it? Indians at Work. Office of Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C.
Raphael, M. G. 1987. Wildlife-tanoak associations in Douglas-fir forests of northwestern California. Pp. 183189 in T. R. Plumb and N. H. Pillsbury (tech. coords.), Proceedings of the Symposium on Multiple-use Management of California's Hardwood Resources, November 12–14, 1986, San Luis Obispo, California, General Technical Report PSW-100. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA.
Reid, L. J., and N. G. Sugihara. 1987. Northern oak woodlands—ecosystems in jeopardy or is it already too late? Pp. 5963 in T. R. Plumb and N. H. Pillsbury (tech. coords.). Proceedings of the Symposium on Multiple-use Management of California's Hardwood Resources, November 12-14, 1986, San Luis Obispo, California, General Technical Report PSW-100. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA.
Rizzo, D. M. and G. W. Slaughter. 2001. Root disease and canopy gaps in developed areas of Yosemite Valley, California. Forest Ecology and Management 146:159167. CrossRef
Rizzo, D. M., M. Garbelotto, and E. M. Hansen. 2005. Phytophthora ramorum: integrative research and management of an emerging pathogen in California and Oregon forests. Annual Review of Phytopathology 43:309335. CrossRef, PubMed
Rizzo, D. M., M. Garbelotto, J. M. Davidson, G. W. Slaughter, and S. T. Koike. 2002a. Phytophthora ramorum and sudden oak death in California: I. Host relationships. Pp. 733740 in R. B., Standiford, D. McCreary, and K. L. Purcell (tech. coords.), Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: oaks in California's changing landscape, October 22–25, 2001, San Diego, CA PSW-GTR-184. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA.
Rizzo, D. M., M. Garbelotto, J. M. Davidson, G. W. Slaughter, and S. T. Koike. 2002b. Phytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp. and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California. Plant Disease 86:205214. CrossRef
Roy, D. F. 1957a.A record of tanoak acorn and seedling production in northwestern California. Forest Research Notes no. 124:1–6. California Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA.
Roy, D. F. 1957b. Silvical characteristics of tanoak. Technical Paper No. 22. California Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA.
Roy, D. F. 1962. California hardwoods: management practices and problems. Journal of Forestry 60:184186.
Sargent, C. S. 1859. The silva of North America: a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico, Vol. 8. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, New York, NY.
Schaeffer, C. E. 1959. Indian tribes and languages of the old Oregon country: a new map. Oregon Historical Quarterly 60:129133.
Schenck, S. M. and E. W. Gifford. 1952. Karok Ethnobotany. University of California Anthropological Records 13:377392.
Schniewind, A. P. 1958. The strength and related properties of tanoak. California Forestry and Forest Products, No. 7. Forest Products Laboratory, California Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Schowalter, T., E. Hansen, R. Molina, and Y. Zhang. 1997. Integrating the ecological roles of phytophagous insects, plant pathogens, and mycorrhizae in managed forests. Pp. 171189 in K. A. Kohm and J. F. Franklin, (eds.), Creating a forestry for the 21st century: the science of ecosystem management. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Shanks, R. and L. W. Shanks. 2006. Indian baskets of central California. Costaño Books, Novato, CA distributed by University of Washington Press.
Tappeiner, J. C., II, P. M. McDonald, and D. F. Roy. 1990. Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak. Pp. 417425 in R. M. Burns and B. H. Honkala (tech. coords.), Silvics of North America, Vol. 2, hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654, U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
Tucker, J. M. 2012. Fagaceae. Pp. 802808 in B. G. Baldwin, D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, and D. H. Wilken, (eds)., The Jepson manual: vascular plants of California, second edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Tucker, J. M., W. E. Sundahl, and D. O. Hall. 1969. A mutant of Lithocarpus densiflorus. Madroño 20:221225.
U. C. Berkeley Forest Pathology and Mycology Laboratory. 2012. . SODMAP project. University of California, Berkeley, CA. Website: www.sodmap.org [accessed 6 December 2012].
Vander Wall, S. B. 2001. The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal. Botanical Review 67:74117. CrossRef
Van Strum, C. 1983. A bitter fog: herbicides and human rights. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, CA.
Vitousek, P. M., C. M. D'Antonio, L. L. Loope, and R. Westbrooks. 1996. Biological invasions as global environmental change. American Scientist 84:468478.
Wallace, W. 1978. Hupa, Chilula, and Whilkut. Pp. 164179 in R. F. Heizer (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, California. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Warburton, A. D. and J. F. Endert. 1966. Indian lore of the north California coast. Pacific Pueblo Press, Santa Clara, CA.
Whitfield, L. 1992. Summary - the status and future of pesticide use in California. P. 32 in D. Adams and J. Rios (tech. coords.), California Forest Pest Council Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting, Redding, California, November 18-19, 1992. California Pest Council, Sacramento, CA.
Wilkinson, W. H., P. M. McDonald, and P. Morgan. 1997. Tanoak sprout development after cutting and burning in a shade environment. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 12:2126.
Wolf, C. B. 1945. California wild tree crops: their crop production and possible utilization. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Santa Ana Cañon, CA.
click this button to close

Article Views

Article Tools

click this button to open

Citing Articles

 
BioOne is the product of innovative collaboration between scientific societies, libraries, academe and the private sector.
 
21 Dupont Circle NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036 • Phone 202.296.1605 • Fax 202.872.0884
 
Copyright © 2017 BioOne All rights reserved