History and Cultivation of Parma Violets (Viola, Violaceae) in the United Kingdom and France in the Nineteenth Century

Luís Mendonça de Carvalho; Francisca Maria Fernandes; Maria de Fátima Nunes; João Brigola; Nathalie Casbas; Clive Groves

doi:10.3100/025.018.0207

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Luís Mendonça de Carvalho,^1,* Francisca Maria Fernandes,² Maria de Fátima Nunes,² João Brigola,² Nathalie Casbas,³ Clive Groves⁴

¹1Museu Botânico, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
²3Centro de Estudos de Historia e Filosofia da Ciência, Universidade de Évora, Largo do Marquês de Ma
³4Keeper of the French National Violet Collection, 4 Route de Villemur, 31620 Villaudric, France.
⁴5Keeper of the United Kingdom National Violet Collection, Groves Nursery, West Bay Road, Bridport, D

^*Author for correspondence: museu@ipbeja.pt

Abstract

Scented cultivars of Parma violets were among the most important urban plants during the nineteenth century, with many references in literature, fashion, art and flower trade. Our research analyzed data related to Parma violets in France and in the United Kingdom and presents the cultivars introduced during the nineteenth century.

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Luís Mendonça de Carvalho, Francisca Maria Fernandes, Maria de Fátima Nunes, João Brigola, Nathalie Casbas, and Clive Groves "History and Cultivation of Parma Violets (Viola, Violaceae) in the United Kingdom and France in the Nineteenth Century," Harvard Papers in Botany 18(2), 137-145, (1 December 2013). https://doi.org/10.3100/025.018.0207

Published: 1 December 2013

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