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Primate Conservation

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Primate Conservation 21 :103-138. 2006
doi: 10.1896/0898-6207.21.1.103

Gibbon (Hylobatidae) Species Identification Recommended for Rescue or Breeding Centers

Alan R. Mootnick

Gibbon Conservation Center, Santa Clarita, California, USA

Alan R. Mootnick, Gibbon Conservation Center, P.O. Box 800249, Santa Clarita, California 91380, USA. E-mail: <gibboncenter@earthlink.net>.

Abstract

Gibbons, Family Hylobatidae Gray, 1870, are small, arboreal apes of the tropical and semi-deciduous forests of southeast Asia and parts of south and east Asia. Four genera and about 14 species are currently recognized; a number of them threatened with extinction. Two of the reasons for breeding gibbons in captivity are to retain species and subspecies diversity and to create a viable gene pool, with the ultimate goal of releasing animals into protected native habitat. Accurate taxonomic identification may be complicated for some gibbon species due to (1) variation in coat color, (2) sexual dichromatism, and (3) the occurrence of coat color changes from infancy through sexual maturity, and for all species because of (4) the impacts of such as malnutrition and housing on coloration (for example, their maintenance indoors only or in full sunlight), (5) the ease with which the vocalizations of the different species can be confused, (6) the difficulties in distinguishing some gibbon subspecies from each other, and (7) errors in, or the lack of, information concerning the origin of confiscated gibbons. Given these problems, it is not surprising that rescue and breeding centers encounter difficulties in identifying the gibbons they receive. I review the characteristics and identifying features of the species and subspecies of gibbons, including information from museum specimens, live gibbons housed at the Gibbon Conservation Center, Santa Clarita, California, and a number of zoos worldwide.

Received: September 9, 2006; Revised: September 27, 2006

Keywords: Primates, gibbons, Hylobatidae, conservation breeding, taxonomy

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Appendix I. Specimens Examined

The gibbons that were examined are listed consecutively under the localities alphabetically, and identification numbers or house name. Museum specimens are listed first.

AMNH = American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
BMNH. ZD = Zoology Department, British Museum (Natural History), London, UK
FMNH = Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
GCC = Gibbon Conservation Center, Santa Clarita, California, USA
IEBR = Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam
MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts, USA
MZB = Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Java, Indonesia
USNM = National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
ZMVNU = Zoological Museum, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
ZRC = Zoological Reference Collection, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, Singapore. (Formerly National Museum and formerly Raffles Museum)

Symphalangus s. syndactylus, Sumatra: Alur Purba: MZB 3107; Bukit Dulu: AMNH 102187–88, 102190; Bukit Sanggul: MZB 6455, AMNH 106582–83; Gunung Dempo: MZB 6454, 6467, AMNH 106581; Lubuk Linggau: MZB 6465, AMNH 102186, 102193–97; Muara Beliti: AMNH 10292; Muara Dua AMNH 102720–21, 102725–27 102729; Teluk Aru: USNM 143577–81; Teluk Tapanuli: ZRC 4-711. GCC: Karenina, Olive-Oyl, Rumi, Saphire.
Symphalangus s. continentis, Malay Peninsula: Kledang Hill: 4-701-2; Kuala Tahan: ZRC 4-704; Selangor Pass: USNM 171981; Wray's Camp: ZRC 4-703. GCC: Ella, Fatima, Kino.
Symphalangus syndactylus, Range unknown: FMNH 60340, 60555, 95842, 99366; GCC: Amos, Holly, Marlow, Montgomery, Raub.
Nomascus concolor concolor, Vietnam: Chapa, Tonkin FMNH 39149-50, MCZ 38114–16.
Nomascus concolor lu, Laos: Ban Nam Kaueng: AMNH 148262, MCZ 46288–89; Khao Tham Phra: USNM 296921.
Nomascus n. nasutus, Vietnam: Tam Dao District: ZMVNU 3.101.5; Thai Nguyen Province ZMVNU 3.55.0, 3.56.0; Trung Khanh District: IEBR 48, 50, 51.
Nomascus l. leucogenys, Laos: Lao Fou Tahai: FMNH 31760; Muong Yo: FMNH 31769–70; Phong Saly: USNM 240490–92. Vietnam: Bai Thuong Thanh Hoa: ZMVNU 3.53.2; Chi Ne District: ZMVNU 3.100.4; Dung Tan Ky Nghi: IEBR 563; Ho- Xuan: USNM 39151; Lai Chau: FMNH 31761, 31768, IEBR D2, K53; Muong Moun: USNM 31771; Tenky District: IEBR 528, 564, 736; Vuon Ma Trang: ZMVNU 3.102.0. GCC: Asia, Dexter, Jane, Parker, Ricky, Sasha, St. Paddy, Vok. Moorpark College: Samantha.
Nomascus leucogenys siki, Laos: Nakai: AMNH 87251; Vietnam: Quy Chau District: IEBR 503, 695-96.
Nomascus gabriellae × Nomascus leucogenys siki, natural hybrid: GCC: Kim Khi.
Nomascus gabriellae, Laos: Plateau Bolovens: AMNH 87252. Vietnam: Ban Methuot: FMNH 46495, 46497, 46499–501, 46503, 46505–06, 46508; Dalat: USNM 320789; Gialai Kontum: ZMVNU 733–35. GCC: Lulu, Alfalfa. Los Angeles Zoo: Andrea, China, Enik, Robin, Tina, Victor, Yang.
Hoolock hoolock, India: Bara Hapjan: USNM 257987; Changchang: AMNH 83419, 83425–26; Khasi Hills: AMNH 171169; Lushai Hills: FMNH 75881. Myanmar: Chenga Hka: AMNH 112690; Dagung Hka: AMNH 112954; Haibum: AMNH 112385–86, 112694, 112698–99, 112701, 112707; Hkamti: AMNH 112704; Linhpa West: AMNH 112709; Mt. Victoria: AMNH 163633. Bangladesh: Natural History Museum Dhaka Zoological Gardens: Mounted specimen; one adult male and female. GCC: Alfa, Beta
Hoolock leuconedys, Myanmar: Dalu: AMNH 112983; Gokteik: USNM 257988; Gora: AMNH 112982; Limpa east bank: 112708; Mansun: AMNH 112678; AMNH 25 miles west of Myithyina 279146; N'bunghku: AMNH 112680–81; Phawzaw, east bank: AMNH 112713; Tawman: AMNH 112673; Yunnan: Homushu Pass: AMNH 43065, 43068. Range unknown: GCC: Arthur, Betty, Chester, Drew, Fia, Gelson, U Maung Manug.
Hylobates klossii, Mentawei Islands: north Pagai 121675–77; south Pagai: USNM 121689, 121679, FMNH 43333; Siberut: USNM 252308–11; Sipora: USNM 252307. Gibbon Foundation, Indonesia: Nanam. Taman Safari, Indonesia: Ani; Pusat Primata Schmutzer: December 2003. One adult female and two immatures.
Hylobates pileatus, Thailand: Khlong Yai: ZRC 4-665, USNM 257686; Laem Ngop: USNM 201555; Nongkhor: ZRC 4-661, 4-662, USNM 241018–19; Cambodia: Kiri Rom Plateau: USNM: 321549. Distribution unknown: FMNH 53750; GCC: Anasazi, Birute, Cambio, Chewy, Geebone, Harry, Ila, Jitka, Josh, JR, Kanako, Kokopelli, Louis, Lula, Maggie, Mateus-Binti. Truman, Tuk, Valentina.
Hylobates moloch, Java: Gunung Salak: MZB 3349, 6416–17; Karang Gardang: MZB 2453; Purwakarta: MZB 6418; Slamet: MZB 3320–22; Sumedang: AMNH 101807. MZB Location unknown: 6419–20, 6429, 11140, 11145. GCC: Chilibi, Chloe, Isaac, Isabella, Ivan, Khusus, Leon, Ling, Lionel, Medena, Reg, Shelby, Ushko.
Hylobates muelleri muelleri, Borneo: Klumpang Bay: FMNH 41514; GCC: Bob.
Hylobates muelleri funereus, Borneo: Bukit Selidang (Sarawak 3^rd Division 4000′): FMNH 88567; Kalabakan, Sungai Tibas Camp: FMNH 85925; Kinabalu: FMNH 8370; Pa Barang: FMNH 88263, 88266; Sandakan, 8 miles west: 33542– 44; Sandakan, 5 miles north: FMNH 68681; Sungai Kretam Kecil: FMNH 68674–80; Ulu Selio (Sarawak 4^th Division 3500′): FMNH 88552–54, 88556–57, 88559– 60; Usun Apau Padang: FMNH 88566. Distribution unknown: GCC: Abbey.
Hylobates muelleri abbotti, Borneo: Perbuah: MZB 6570–71, AMNH 106766, 106779, 107102; Poch Mountain: FMNH 8369; Sarawak: FMNH 1171;
Hylobates a. agilis, (elevation 455–1,500 m) Malay Peninsula: Batu Tugoh: BMNH ZD.1955.1484, ZRC 4-554–56. Maxwell's Hill: BMNH ZD.1955.1487. Tea Garden, Larut Hills: BMNH ZD.1955.1485. Sumatra: Bukit Sanggul: AMNH 106570–76, 106578–80, 106672, 106675–79, 18836. Distribution unknown: GCC: Mumma, Sonny, Shorty.
Hylobates agilis, Since the seconds were not given for the coordinates, the elevations could vary from 21–568 m for some of the below listed gibbons. These locations were next to river basins and mountainous areas, or mountainous areas near a bay. Sumatra: Lampung: MZB 6438 (facial pelage coloration resembles H. agilis unko); Muara Dua: AMNH 102470–74, 102771–79 (facial pelage coloration varies considerably within this location; AMNH catalog lists Muara Dua at 100 m. Muara Dua has a river basin next to a mountainous area); Tapanuli Bay: USNM 114499–501 (facial pelage coloration resembles H. agilis unko); Teluk Betong: FMNH 14804 (brow was difficult to detect, next to the buff pelage).
Hylobates agilis unko, (7–200 m) Malay Peninsula: Tandjong Autu: BMNH ZD.1955.1486; Ulu Ijok: BMNH ZD.1934.7.18.9, 1934.7.18.11; Ulu Selama: ZRC 4-557. Sumatra: Babat: MZB 6435, 6437, 6441; Kluang: MZB 6434, 6436; Kota Pinang: ZRC 4- 558– 60; Kayutanam, Palembang: MZB 6440; Muara Beliti: AMNH 102161– 62, 102199; USNM 102161– 62, 102199; Muara Enim: ZRC 191 (facial pelage coloration resembles H. a. agilis); Muara Lakitan: AMNH 102198; Pan Ji, Teluk: ZRC 4-562191 (facial pelage coloration resembles H. a. agilis); Sekayu: MZB 6439; Selat Rupat: USNM 143572–76; Siak Kecil (6 miles up): USNM 144089, 144091–92; Siak Kecil (30 miles up): USNM 144090; Sungei Inderagiri: USNM 113176–80; Sungei Kateman: USNM 123151–55; Teluk Tarisan: USNM 141157–59. Distribution unknown: GCC: Kingfisher, Homer, Lulu, Elaine.
Hylobates albibarbis, Borneo: Batu Jurong: USNM 153797–99, Matan River: USNM 145328–29, Parit, Sungei Cempaga: AMNH 103441– 46, 103449–56. Riam: AMNH 106053,106130, Sukadana: USNM 145326; Sungei Kendawangan: USNM 153800–01. GCC: Jackie.
Hylobates lar lar, West Malaysia, Jambu Luang: USNM 112710–11; Johore, Jambu Luang: USNM 112711; Pahang State including Labatuah, Rurpin River: USNM 115501–02; Selangor: USNM 171982.
Hylobates lar carpenteri, Thailand, Chiang Mai: Ban Mae Lamao: 99754–56; Ban Na Muang: USNM 307751; Dansai: USNM 307754; Mae Sariang: FMNH 99763– 64;
Hylobates lar entelloides, Myanmar: Tenassarim, Balik River: USNM 111988; Bankachon: FMNH 828821–22; Toak Plateau: AMNH 54663, 54671. Thailand, Kampaengphet: Ban Nam Lai Tai: FMNH 99759; Ban Kerng Chada: FMNH 99743; Katataek: FMNH 99746– 49; Khlong Suan Mak: FMNH 99760–62; Khlong Tawai: FMNH 99750–51; Ko Kaew: 99752–53; Sisawat District (Baw Ngam): FMNH 99736, 99739– 41; Wang Phato: FMNH 99744– 45. GCC: Chan Chan, Judy.
Hylobates lar vestitus, Sumatra: Alur Purba: MZB 3106; Kungke: USNM 271047; Pulau Munteh-Pendeng: MZB 6448; Teluk Aru: USNM 143569–70.
Hylobates lar yunnanensis, Yunnan: Nam Ting River: FMNH 39382; AMNH 43063–64.
Hylobates lar, Distribution unknown: FMNH: 44740; GCC: Ayellette, Blonde, Dagwood, Hazel Nut, Mandalay, Number 2, Spanky.

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David S.

Woodruff. (2007) Mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region-1 sequence variation and phylogeny of the concolor gibbons,Nomascus. American Journal of Primatology 69:11, 1285-1306
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2007.
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