Primate Conservation

Published by: Conservation International



Primate Conservation 21 :103-138. 2006
doi: 10.1896/0898-6207.21.1.103

Gibbon (Hylobatidae) Species Identification Recommended for Rescue or Breeding Centers

Alan R. Mootnick

Gibbon Conservation Center, Santa Clarita, California, USA

Alan R. Mootnick, Gibbon Conservation Center, P.O. Box 800249, Santa Clarita, California 91380, USA. E-mail: <>.

Abstract

Gibbons, Family Hylobatidae Gray, 1870, are small, arboreal apes of the tropical and semi-deciduous forests of southeast Asia and parts of south and east Asia. Four genera and about 14 species are currently recognized; a number of them threatened with extinction. Two of the reasons for breeding gibbons in captivity are to retain species and subspecies diversity and to create a viable gene pool, with the ultimate goal of releasing animals into protected native habitat. Accurate taxonomic identification may be complicated for some gibbon species due to (1) variation in coat color, (2) sexual dichromatism, and (3) the occurrence of coat color changes from infancy through sexual maturity, and for all species because of (4) the impacts of such as malnutrition and housing on coloration (for example, their maintenance indoors only or in full sunlight), (5) the ease with which the vocalizations of the different species can be confused, (6) the difficulties in distinguishing some gibbon subspecies from each other, and (7) errors in, or the lack of, information concerning the origin of confiscated gibbons. Given these problems, it is not surprising that rescue and breeding centers encounter difficulties in identifying the gibbons they receive. I review the characteristics and identifying features of the species and subspecies of gibbons, including information from museum specimens, live gibbons housed at the Gibbon Conservation Center, Santa Clarita, California, and a number of zoos worldwide.

Received: September 9, 2006; Revised: September 27, 2006



Literature Cited

Ancrenaz, M. 2001. Observations of previously undocumented gibbons and orangutans in the Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary. Gibbon's Voice 5:13. CrossRef
Andayani, N., J. C. Morales, M. R J. Forstner, J. Supriatna, and D. J. Melnick. 2001. Genetic variability in mtDNA of the silvery gibbon: Implications for the conservation of a critically endangered species. Conserv. Biol 15:770775. CrossRef, CSA
Blyth, E. 1847. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng 17:729730.
Brandon-Jones, D., A. A. Eudey, T. Geissmann, C. P. Groves, D. J. Melnick, J. C. Morales, M. Shekelle, and C-B. Stewart. 2004. Asian primate classification. Int. J. Primatol 25:97164. CrossRef
Chiarelli, B. 1962. Some new data on the chromosomes of Catarrhina. Experientia 18:405406. CrossRef, PubMed
Chu, E. H Y. and M. A. Bende, editors. 1961. Chromosome cytology and evolution in primates. Science 133:13991405. CrossRef, PubMed
Couturier, J. and J-M. Lernould. 1991. Karyotypic study of four gibbon forms provisionally considered as subspecies of Hylobates (Nomascus) concolor (Primates, Hylobatidae). Folia Primatol 56:95104. CrossRef, PubMed, CSA
Dao, Van Tien 1983. On the north Indochinese gibbons (Hylobates concolor) (Primates: Hylobatidae) in North Vietnam. J. Hum. Evol 12:367372. CrossRef
Das, J., J. Biswas, P. C. Bhattacharjee, and S. M. Mohnot. 2006. First distribution records of the eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock leuconedys) from India. Zoos' Print J 21:23162320.
Delacour, J. 1951. La systematique des gibbons Indochinois. Mammalia 15:118123.
Deputte, B. L. and M. Leclerc-Cassan. 1981. Sex determination and age estimation in the white-cheeked gibbon (Hylobates concolor leucogenys): Anatomical and behavioural features. Int. Zoo Yearb 21:187193. CrossRef
Downing, S. C. 1945. Color changes in mammal skins during preparation. J. Mammal 26:128132. CrossRef
Elliot, D. G. 1913. Hylobates. A Review of the Primates, Monograph. Vol. 3:pp. 149180.American Museum of Natural History. New York.
Eudey, A. A. 1987. Action Plan for Asian Primate Conservation: 1987–1991. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Gland, Switzerland.
Fischer, W. 1965. Das Jahr mit den Gibbons. A. Ziemsen Verlag. Wittenberg, Lutherstadt.
Fooden, J. 1969. Color-phase in gibbons. Evolution 23:627644. CrossRef
Garza, J. C. and D. S. Woodruff. 1992. A phylogenetic study of the gibbons (Hylobates) using DNA obtained noninvasively from hair. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol 1:202210. CrossRef, PubMed
Geissmann, T. 1989. A female black gibbon, Hylobates concolor subspecies, from northeastern Vietnam. Int. J. Primatol 10:455476. CrossRef
Geissmann, T. 1995. Gibbon systematics and species identification. Int. Zoo News 42:467501.
Geissmann, T. 2003. Circumfacial marking in siamangs and evolution of the face ring in the Hylobatidae. Int. J. Primatol 24:143158. CrossRef
Geissmann, T., Xuan Dang Nguyen, N. Lormée, and F. Momberg. 2000. Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2000. Part 1: Gibbons. Fauna and Flora International. Indochina Programe, Hanoi. 139 pp.
Geissmann, T., R. Dallmann, and J. Pastorini. 2002. The Javan silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch): Are there several subspecies. In: Abstracts: XIXth Congress of the International Primatological Society, 4–9 August 2002, Beijing, China, pp. 120121. Mammalogical Society of China. Beijing. (Abstract).
Gray, J. E. 1870. Catalogue of Mammalia. Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the Collection of the British Museum. pp. 912.Taylor and Francis. London.
Griffith, E. 1827. Synopsis of the species of Mammalia. In The Animal Kingdom. Vol. 5:Cuvier, B., editor. (ed.), pp. 47.G. B. Whittaker. London.
Groves, C. P. 1967. Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan, 1834). Folia Primatol 7:276283. CrossRef, PubMed
Groves, C. P. 1968. A new subspecies of white-handed gibbon from northern Thailand, Hylobates lar carpenteri new subspecies. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash 81:625628.
Groves, C. P. 1972. Systematics and phylogeny of gibbon. In Gibbon and Siamang. Evolution, Ecology, Behavior, and Captive Maintenance. Vol. 1:Rumbaugh, D. M., editor. (ed.), pp. 189.S. Karger. Basel.
Groves, C. P. 1984. A new look at the taxonomy and phylogeny of the gibbons. In The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology. Preuschoft, H., D. J. Chivers, W. Y. Brockelman, and N. Creel, editors. (eds.), pp. 542561.Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh.
Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC.
Groves, C. P. 2005. Order Primates. In Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3rd EdVol. 1:Wilson, D. E. and D. M. Reeder, editors. (eds.), pp. 111184.Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland.
Gulik van, R. R. 1967. The Gibbon in China: An Essay in Chinese Animal Lore. E. J. Brill. Leiden.
Hill, C. 1970. The H. concolor gibbon mystery. ZOONOOZ (San Diego Zoo) 53:1415.
Hirai, H., A. R. Mootnick, O. Takenaka, B. Suryobroto, T. Mouri, Y. Kamanaka, A. Katoh, N. Kimura, A. Katoh, and N. Maeda. 2003. Genetic mechanism and property of a whole-arm translocation (WAT) between chromosomes 8 and 9 of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis). Chromosome Res 11:3750. CrossRef, PubMed
Hirai, H., H. Wijayanto, H. Tanaka, A. R. Mootnick, A. Hayano, D. Perwitasari-Farajallah, D. Iskandriati, and D. Sajuthi. 2005. A whole-arm translocation (WAT8/9) separating Sumatran and Bornean agile gibbons, and its evolutionary features. Chromosome Res 13:123133. CrossRef, PubMed
Hooijer, D. A. 1952. A note on sexual differences in the skull of gibbons. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. (Ser. C) 55:375381.
Jenkins, P. D. 1990. Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and Elsewhere in the British Isles. Natural History Museum Publications. London.
IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN — The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland. Website: <http://www.iucnredlist.org/>. Accessed: 12 August 2006.
Klinger, H. P. 1963. The somatic chromosomes of some primates: Tupaia glis, Nycticebus caucana, Tarsius bancanus, Symphalangus syndactylus. In Cytogenetics. Klinger, H. P., editor. (ed.), pp. 140151.S. Karger. Basel.
Liu, Z. H., R. Z. Zhang, H. S. Jiang, and C. Southwick. 1989. Population structure of Hylobates concolor in Bawanglin Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Am. J. Primatol 19:247254. CrossRef, CSA
Lyon, M. W. 1911. Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Borneo and on the small adjacent islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus 40:53146.
Ma, S. L. and Y. X. Wang. 1986. The taxonomy and distribution of the gibbons in southern China and its adjacent region, with description of the three new subspecies. Zool. Res 7:393410.
Ma, S. L., Y. X. Wang, and F. E. Poirier. 1988. Taxonomy, distribution and status of gibbons (Hylobates) in southern China and adjacent areas. Primates 29:277286. CrossRef
Marshall, J. T. 1981. The agile gibbon in S. Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc 29:129136.
Marshall, J. T. and W. Y. Brockelman. 1986. Pelage of hybrid gibbons (Hylobates lar × H. pileatus) observed in Khoa Yai National Park, Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc 34:145157.
Marshall, J. T. and E. R. Marshall. 1976. Gibbons and their territorial songs. Science 193:235237. CrossRef, PubMed
Marshall, J. T. and E. R. Marshall. 1978. The Gibbons. ARA Records. Gainesville, Florida. (Long playing phonograph disc).
Marshall, J. T. and J. Sugardjito. 1986. Gibbon systematics. In Comparative Primate Biology. Swindler, D. R. and J. Erwin, editors. (eds.), pp. 137185.A. R. Liss. New York.
Marshall, J. T., B. A. Ross, and S. Chantharojvong. 1972. The species of gibbons in Thailand. J. Mammal 53:479486. CrossRef
Marshall, J. T., J. Sugardjito, and M. Markaya. 1984. Gibbons of the lar group: Relationships based on voice. In The Lesser Apes. Preuschoft, H., D. J. Chivers, W. Y. Brockelman, and N. Creel, editors. (eds.), pp. 533541.Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh.
McCann, C. 1933. Notes on the colouration and habits of the white-browed gibbon or hoolock (Hylobates hoolock Harl.). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc 36:395405.
Mootnick, A. R. and C. P. Groves. 2005. A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae). Int. J. Primatol 26:971976. CrossRef
Mootnick, A. R. and R. D. Nadler. 1997. Sexual behavior of maternally separated gibbons (Hylobates spp.). Dev. Psychobiol 31:149161. CrossRef, PubMed, CSA
Mootnick, A. R., E. H. Haimoff, and K. Nyunt-Lwin. 1987. Conservation and captive management of hoolock gibbons in the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. AAZPA [American Zoological Parks and Aquariums] Ann. Conf. Proc 1987398424.
Mootnick, A., M. Ruvolo, S. Zehr, and P. vanTuinen. 1996. Phenotypic and genetic evidence to support specific distinction of Hylobates a. agilis (mountain agile gibbon) from Hylobates agilis unko (lowland agile gibbon). In: Abstracts: XVIth Congress of the International Primatological Society, and the XIXth Conference of the American Society of Primatologists, University of Wisconsin- Madison, #481, 11–16 August 1996. (Abstract).
Mootnick, A. R., A. B. Rylands, and W. R. Konstant. 2006. Hainan black-crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus hainanus) (Thomas, 1892) China (Island of Hainan). In Primates in peril: The world's 25 most endangered primates, 2004–2006 Mittermeier, R. A., C. Valladares-Padua, A. B. Rylands, A. A. Eudey, T. M. Butynski, J. U. Ganzhorn, R. Kormos, J. M. Aguiar, and S. Walker, editors. (eds.). Primate Conserv 201314.
Munsell Soil Color Charts 1994. Macbeth Division of Kollmorgen Instruments Corporation. New Windsor, New York.
Osgood, W. H. 1932. Mammals of the Kelley-Roosevelts and Delacour Asiatic expeditions. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 312. Zool. Ser 18:193201.
Pocock, R. I. 1905. Observations upon a female specimen of the Hainan gibbon (Hylobates hainanus), now living in the Society's Gardens. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond 2:169181.
Prouty, L. A., P. D. Buchanan, W. S. Pollitzer, and A. R. Mootnick. 1983a. Bunopithecus: A genus-level taxon for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock). Am. J. Primatol 5:8387. CrossRef
Prouty, L. A., P. D. Buchanan, W. S. Pollitzer, and A. R. Mootnick. 1983b. A presumptive new hylobatid subgenus with 38 chromosomes. Cytogenet. Cell Genet 35:141142. CrossRef, PubMed, CSA
Raffles, T. S. 1821. Descriptive catalogue of a zoological collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its vicinity, under the direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant- Governor of Fort Marlborough; with additional notices illustrative of the natural history of those countries. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond 13:239243.
Roos, C. and T. Geissmann. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the major hylobatid divisions. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol 19:486494. CrossRef, PubMed
Schultz, A. H. 1933. Observations on the growth, classification, and evolutionary specializations of gibbons and siamangs. Hum. Biol 5:212255.385428.
Smithe, F. B. 1974. Naturalist's Color Guide Supplement. The American Museum of Natural History. New York.
Smithe, F. B. 1975. Naturalist's Color Guide. The American Museum of Natural History. New York.
Sody, H. J V. 1949. Notes on some Primates, Carnivora, and the babirusa from the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Australian regions. Treubia 20:121126.
Supriatna, J. 2006. Conservation programs for the endangered Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Primate Conserv 21173180.
Supriatna, J. and B. O. Manullang, editors. (eds.). 1999. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch): Rescue and Rehabilitation. Conservation International Indonesia and University of Indonesia. Jakarta.
Supriatna, J., N. Andayani, M. Forstner, and D. J. Melnick. 1999. A molecular approach to the conservation of the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch). In Proceedings of the International Workshop of Java gibbon (Hylobates moloch) Rescue and Rehabilitation. Supriatna, J. and B. O. Manullang, editors. (eds.), pp. 2531.Conservation International Indonesia program. Jakarta.
vanTuinen, P. and D. H. Ledbetter. 1983. Cytogenetic comparison and phylogeny of three species of Hylobatidae. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 61:453466. CrossRef, PubMed
van Tuinen, P., A. Mootnick, S. Kingswood, D. Hale, and A. Kumamoto. 1999. Complex compound inversion/translocation polymorphism in a higher primate: Presumptive intermediate stage in the karyotypic evolution of the agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 110:129142. CrossRef, PubMed
Varsik, A. 2000. North American regional studbook for whitecheeked gibbon, Hylobates leucogenys, and goldencheeked gibbon, Hylobates gabriellae. Vol. 1.Santa Barbara Zoological Gardens. Santa Barbara, California.
Wilson, C. C. and W. L. Wilson. 1977. Behavioral and morphological variation among primate populations in Sumatra. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol 20:207233.
Wurster, D. H. and K. Benirschke. 1969. Chromosomes of some primates. Mammal. Chromosome Newsl 10:3.
Zhang, Y. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA sequence evolution and phylogenetic relationships of gibbons. Acta Genetica Sinica 24:231237.


Appendix I. Specimens Examined

The gibbons that were examined are listed consecutively under the localities alphabetically, and identification numbers or house name. Museum specimens are listed first.

  1. AMNH = American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA

  2. BMNH. ZD = Zoology Department, British Museum (Natural History), London, UK

  3. FMNH = Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA

  4. GCC = Gibbon Conservation Center, Santa Clarita, California, USA

  5. IEBR = Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam

  6. MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts, USA

  7. MZB = Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Java, Indonesia

  8. USNM = National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA

  9. ZMVNU = Zoological Museum, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam

  10. ZRC = Zoological Reference Collection, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, Singapore. (Formerly National Museum and formerly Raffles Museum)

  1. Symphalangus s. syndactylus, Sumatra: Alur Purba: MZB 3107; Bukit Dulu: AMNH 102187–88, 102190; Bukit Sanggul: MZB 6455, AMNH 106582–83; Gunung Dempo: MZB 6454, 6467, AMNH 106581; Lubuk Linggau: MZB 6465, AMNH 102186, 102193–97; Muara Beliti: AMNH 10292; Muara Dua AMNH 102720–21, 102725–27 102729; Teluk Aru: USNM 143577–81; Teluk Tapanuli: ZRC 4-711. GCC: Karenina, Olive-Oyl, Rumi, Saphire.

  2. Symphalangus s. continentis, Malay Peninsula: Kledang Hill: 4-701-2; Kuala Tahan: ZRC 4-704; Selangor Pass: USNM 171981; Wray's Camp: ZRC 4-703. GCC: Ella, Fatima, Kino.

  3. Symphalangus syndactylus, Range unknown: FMNH 60340, 60555, 95842, 99366; GCC: Amos, Holly, Marlow, Montgomery, Raub.

  4. Nomascus concolor concolor, Vietnam: Chapa, Tonkin FMNH 39149-50, MCZ 38114–16.

  5. Nomascus concolor lu, Laos: Ban Nam Kaueng: AMNH 148262, MCZ 46288–89; Khao Tham Phra: USNM 296921.

  6. Nomascus n. nasutus, Vietnam: Tam Dao District: ZMVNU 3.101.5; Thai Nguyen Province ZMVNU 3.55.0, 3.56.0; Trung Khanh District: IEBR 48, 50, 51.

  7. Nomascus l. leucogenys, Laos: Lao Fou Tahai: FMNH 31760; Muong Yo: FMNH 31769–70; Phong Saly: USNM 240490–92. Vietnam: Bai Thuong Thanh Hoa: ZMVNU 3.53.2; Chi Ne District: ZMVNU 3.100.4; Dung Tan Ky Nghi: IEBR 563; Ho- Xuan: USNM 39151; Lai Chau: FMNH 31761, 31768, IEBR D2, K53; Muong Moun: USNM 31771; Tenky District: IEBR 528, 564, 736; Vuon Ma Trang: ZMVNU 3.102.0. GCC: Asia, Dexter, Jane, Parker, Ricky, Sasha, St. Paddy, Vok. Moorpark College: Samantha.

  8. Nomascus leucogenys siki, Laos: Nakai: AMNH 87251; Vietnam: Quy Chau District: IEBR 503, 695-96.

  9. Nomascus gabriellae × Nomascus leucogenys siki, natural hybrid: GCC: Kim Khi.

  10. Nomascus gabriellae, Laos: Plateau Bolovens: AMNH 87252. Vietnam: Ban Methuot: FMNH 46495, 46497, 46499–501, 46503, 46505–06, 46508; Dalat: USNM 320789; Gialai Kontum: ZMVNU 733–35. GCC: Lulu, Alfalfa. Los Angeles Zoo: Andrea, China, Enik, Robin, Tina, Victor, Yang.

  11. Hoolock hoolock, India: Bara Hapjan: USNM 257987; Changchang: AMNH 83419, 83425–26; Khasi Hills: AMNH 171169; Lushai Hills: FMNH 75881. Myanmar: Chenga Hka: AMNH 112690; Dagung Hka: AMNH 112954; Haibum: AMNH 112385–86, 112694, 112698–99, 112701, 112707; Hkamti: AMNH 112704; Linhpa West: AMNH 112709; Mt. Victoria: AMNH 163633. Bangladesh: Natural History Museum Dhaka Zoological Gardens: Mounted specimen; one adult male and female. GCC: Alfa, Beta

  12. Hoolock leuconedys, Myanmar: Dalu: AMNH 112983; Gokteik: USNM 257988; Gora: AMNH 112982; Limpa east bank: 112708; Mansun: AMNH 112678; AMNH 25 miles west of Myithyina 279146; N'bunghku: AMNH 112680–81; Phawzaw, east bank: AMNH 112713; Tawman: AMNH 112673; Yunnan: Homushu Pass: AMNH 43065, 43068. Range unknown: GCC: Arthur, Betty, Chester, Drew, Fia, Gelson, U Maung Manug.

  13. Hylobates klossii, Mentawei Islands: north Pagai 121675–77; south Pagai: USNM 121689, 121679, FMNH 43333; Siberut: USNM 252308–11; Sipora: USNM 252307. Gibbon Foundation, Indonesia: Nanam. Taman Safari, Indonesia: Ani; Pusat Primata Schmutzer: December 2003. One adult female and two immatures.

  14. Hylobates pileatus, Thailand: Khlong Yai: ZRC 4-665, USNM 257686; Laem Ngop: USNM 201555; Nongkhor: ZRC 4-661, 4-662, USNM 241018–19; Cambodia: Kiri Rom Plateau: USNM: 321549. Distribution unknown: FMNH 53750; GCC: Anasazi, Birute, Cambio, Chewy, Geebone, Harry, Ila, Jitka, Josh, JR, Kanako, Kokopelli, Louis, Lula, Maggie, Mateus-Binti. Truman, Tuk, Valentina.

  15. Hylobates moloch, Java: Gunung Salak: MZB 3349, 6416–17; Karang Gardang: MZB 2453; Purwakarta: MZB 6418; Slamet: MZB 3320–22; Sumedang: AMNH 101807. MZB Location unknown: 6419–20, 6429, 11140, 11145. GCC: Chilibi, Chloe, Isaac, Isabella, Ivan, Khusus, Leon, Ling, Lionel, Medena, Reg, Shelby, Ushko.

  16. Hylobates muelleri muelleri, Borneo: Klumpang Bay: FMNH 41514; GCC: Bob.

  17. Hylobates muelleri funereus, Borneo: Bukit Selidang (Sarawak 3rd Division 4000′): FMNH 88567; Kalabakan, Sungai Tibas Camp: FMNH 85925; Kinabalu: FMNH 8370; Pa Barang: FMNH 88263, 88266; Sandakan, 8 miles west: 33542– 44; Sandakan, 5 miles north: FMNH 68681; Sungai Kretam Kecil: FMNH 68674–80; Ulu Selio (Sarawak 4th Division 3500′): FMNH 88552–54, 88556–57, 88559– 60; Usun Apau Padang: FMNH 88566. Distribution unknown: GCC: Abbey.

  18. Hylobates muelleri abbotti, Borneo: Perbuah: MZB 6570–71, AMNH 106766, 106779, 107102; Poch Mountain: FMNH 8369; Sarawak: FMNH 1171;

  19. Hylobates a. agilis, (elevation 455–1,500 m) Malay Peninsula: Batu Tugoh: BMNH ZD.1955.1484, ZRC 4-554–56. Maxwell's Hill: BMNH ZD.1955.1487. Tea Garden, Larut Hills: BMNH ZD.1955.1485. Sumatra: Bukit Sanggul: AMNH 106570–76, 106578–80, 106672, 106675–79, 18836. Distribution unknown: GCC: Mumma, Sonny, Shorty.

  20. Hylobates agilis, Since the seconds were not given for the coordinates, the elevations could vary from 21–568 m for some of the below listed gibbons. These locations were next to river basins and mountainous areas, or mountainous areas near a bay. Sumatra: Lampung: MZB 6438 (facial pelage coloration resembles H. agilis unko); Muara Dua: AMNH 102470–74, 102771–79 (facial pelage coloration varies considerably within this location; AMNH catalog lists Muara Dua at 100 m. Muara Dua has a river basin next to a mountainous area); Tapanuli Bay: USNM 114499–501 (facial pelage coloration resembles H. agilis unko); Teluk Betong: FMNH 14804 (brow was difficult to detect, next to the buff pelage).

  21. Hylobates agilis unko, (7–200 m) Malay Peninsula: Tandjong Autu: BMNH ZD.1955.1486; Ulu Ijok: BMNH ZD.1934.7.18.9, 1934.7.18.11; Ulu Selama: ZRC 4-557. Sumatra: Babat: MZB 6435, 6437, 6441; Kluang: MZB 6434, 6436; Kota Pinang: ZRC 4- 558– 60; Kayutanam, Palembang: MZB 6440; Muara Beliti: AMNH 102161– 62, 102199; USNM 102161– 62, 102199; Muara Enim: ZRC 191 (facial pelage coloration resembles H. a. agilis); Muara Lakitan: AMNH 102198; Pan Ji, Teluk: ZRC 4-562191 (facial pelage coloration resembles H. a. agilis); Sekayu: MZB 6439; Selat Rupat: USNM 143572–76; Siak Kecil (6 miles up): USNM 144089, 144091–92; Siak Kecil (30 miles up): USNM 144090; Sungei Inderagiri: USNM 113176–80; Sungei Kateman: USNM 123151–55; Teluk Tarisan: USNM 141157–59. Distribution unknown: GCC: Kingfisher, Homer, Lulu, Elaine.

  22. Hylobates albibarbis, Borneo: Batu Jurong: USNM 153797–99, Matan River: USNM 145328–29, Parit, Sungei Cempaga: AMNH 103441– 46, 103449–56. Riam: AMNH 106053,106130, Sukadana: USNM 145326; Sungei Kendawangan: USNM 153800–01. GCC: Jackie.

  23. Hylobates lar lar, West Malaysia, Jambu Luang: USNM 112710–11; Johore, Jambu Luang: USNM 112711; Pahang State including Labatuah, Rurpin River: USNM 115501–02; Selangor: USNM 171982.

  24. Hylobates lar carpenteri, Thailand, Chiang Mai: Ban Mae Lamao: 99754–56; Ban Na Muang: USNM 307751; Dansai: USNM 307754; Mae Sariang: FMNH 99763– 64;

  25. Hylobates lar entelloides, Myanmar: Tenassarim, Balik River: USNM 111988; Bankachon: FMNH 828821–22; Toak Plateau: AMNH 54663, 54671. Thailand, Kampaengphet: Ban Nam Lai Tai: FMNH 99759; Ban Kerng Chada: FMNH 99743; Katataek: FMNH 99746– 49; Khlong Suan Mak: FMNH 99760–62; Khlong Tawai: FMNH 99750–51; Ko Kaew: 99752–53; Sisawat District (Baw Ngam): FMNH 99736, 99739– 41; Wang Phato: FMNH 99744– 45. GCC: Chan Chan, Judy.

  26. Hylobates lar vestitus, Sumatra: Alur Purba: MZB 3106; Kungke: USNM 271047; Pulau Munteh-Pendeng: MZB 6448; Teluk Aru: USNM 143569–70.

  27. Hylobates lar yunnanensis, Yunnan: Nam Ting River: FMNH 39382; AMNH 43063–64.

  28. Hylobates lar, Distribution unknown: FMNH: 44740; GCC: Ayellette, Blonde, Dagwood, Hazel Nut, Mandalay, Number 2, Spanky.

Cited by

Masayuki

Nakamichi,

Kazunori

Yamada. (2009) Distribution of dorsal carriage among simians. Primates 50:2, 153-168
Online publication date: 1-May-2009.
CrossRef

Keri

Monda,

Rachel E.

Simmons,

Philipp

Kressirer,

Bing

Su,

David S.

Woodruff. (2007) Mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region-1 sequence variation and phylogeny of the concolor gibbons,Nomascus. American Journal of Primatology 69:11, 1285-1306
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2007.
CrossRef
click this button to close

Article Views

click this button to open

Citing Articles

 
BioOne is the product of innovative collaboration between scientific societies, libraries, academe and the private sector.
 
21 Dupont Circle NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036 • Phone 202.296.2296 • Fax 202.872.0884
 
Copyright © 2009 BioOne All rights reserved