Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

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Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(2):366-379. 2002
doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0366:NPPFTC]2.0.CO;2

NEW primitive paromomyid from the Clarkforkian of Wyoming and dental eruption in Plesiadapiformes

JONATHAN I. BLOCH, DOUG M. BOYER, PHILIP D. GINGERICH, and GREGG F. GUNNELL

Department of Geological Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079,

Abstract

Clarkforkian late Paleocene freshwater limestone from the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming, has yielded four specimens of the plesiadapiform paromomyid, Acidomomys hebeticus gen. et sp. nov. A. hebeticus has a strong metaconid on p4, a small double-rooted p3, and a very diminutive i2. Presence of p3 and i2 is primitive, and their retention in A. hebeticus suggests that this taxon is part of a previously unknown lineage that diverged from other paromomyids by the early or middle Paleocene.

Acidomomys hebeticus is represented by virtually complete upper and lower dentitions, all from less than fully mature individuals, with teeth at one of three stages of development. The dental eruption sequence differs from that of other plesiadapiforms in having p3 erupt before p4 (p3 erupts after p4 in microsyopids, and p3 and p4 erupt simultaneously in plesiadapids). A. hebeticus differs from Plesiadapis and primitive primates, in which the premolars erupt after m3 is in place, in having p3/P3 erupt before or at the same time as that of m3/M3. It is similar to Plesiadapis in having p4 erupt after the molars are in place, a condition considered primitive in primates. While these differences in dental eruption sequence between representatives of Paromomyidae, Microsyopidae, and Plesiadapidae could be phylogenetically significant, they may instead reflect adaptive differences in dental morphology, facial architecture, or life history.

Received: July 11, 2000; Accepted: May 28, 2001



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APPENDIX 1


Description of characters used in phylogenetic analyses. Characters were polarized with respect to Purgatorius as the outgroup. Autapomorphic characters known to be present in only one of the taxa analyzed were excluded from the analysis. All characters were unordered.

1. Three or two lower incisors (0), or one lower incisor (1).

2. Canine present (0), or absent (1).

3. p3 present (0), or absent (1).

4. p4 strong and trenchant hypoflexid present (0), or hypoflexid weak (1).

5. p4 talonid height about one-third that of the trigonid (0), or about one-half that of the trigonid (1).

6. m1 paraconid distinct and anteriorly placed relative to the metaconid (0) or closely appressed to the metaconid (1).

7. m1–2 anterior external cingulum present (0), or absent (1).

8. Lower molar trigonid moderately anteriorly-inclined (0), or strongly anteriorly inclined (1).

9. m3 cristid obliqua intersects the posterior wall of the trigonid towards the midline of the crown (0), or near the buccal side of crown (1).

10. m3 posterior third lobe not inflated (0), or inflated (1).

11. m3 paraconid present (0), or absent (1).

12. Upper molar postprotocingulum weak (0), moderate, with a small posterolingual basin (1), or strong, with a well-developed posterolingual basin (2).



APPENDIX 2


Character matrix used for phylogenetic analysis.

FIGURE 1. Acidomomys hebeticus, gen. et sp. nov., UM 108206 (holotype). A–C, left dentary in buccal, lingual, and occlusal views. D–F, right dentary in lingual, buccal, and occlusal views. Occlusal views of both dentaries are stereophotographs.

FIGURE 2. Incisors of Acidomomys hebeticus, gen. et sp. nov. UM 108206 (holotype): Left i1 (broken) in lateral, A, and occlusal, B, views; right isolated I1 in occlusal, C, and lateral, D, views. UM 108207: left di1 in lateral, E, and occlusal, F, views; right dI1 in occlusal, G, and lateral, H, views; right dI2 in occlusal, I, and lateral, J, views. Note the different scales for adult and deciduous incisors.

FIGURE 3. Acidomomys hebeticus, gen. et sp. nov., UM 108207: Skull and left dentary in lateral view.

FIGURE 4. Acidomomys hebeticus, gen. et sp. nov., UM 108207: A, maxilla and right dentary in lateral view, B, left dentary in occlusal view; C, left maxilla in occlusal view, D, anterior close-up of right dentary in lingual view. Note the i2 erupting under the di2 in Fig. 4D.

FIGURE 5. Acidomomys hebeticus, gen. et sp. nov., UM 108208: A, right dentary in anterobuccal view, and B, occlusal view; C, right maxilla in occlusal view. Note that i1 is replacing di1 and that dp3 is single-rooted in Fig. 5A.

FIGURE 6. Composite drawings of the dentition of Acidomomys hebeticus, gen. et sp. nov. at three stages of dental eruption. All reconstructions are in left lateral view with the external surface cut away to expose tooth roots, and unerupted teeth. A–B, Stage 1 is reconstructed from UM 108208 and represents the youngest individual. C–D, Stage 2 is reconstructed from UM 108207, and represents a somewhat older individual. E–F, Stage 3 is reconstructed from UM 108206 and represents the most mature individual. Dashed lines represent material not present in the actual specimen. However, these reconstructed areas are based on other specimens and are believed to be an accurate reflection of the condition at that stage of dental eruption.

FIGURE 7. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationship among select genera of North American paromomyids based on cladistic analysis of 12 dental characters (Appendices 1 and 2) with stratigraphic ranges indicated by solid black lines. Bridgerian Elwynella was excluded from the analysis because it is known only from fragmentary specimens from a restricted stratigraphic range. Cladistic analysis yielded a single most-parsimonious cladogram generated by an exhaustive search algorithm (Swofford, 1993) and rooted with Puercan Purgatorius: tree length = 14, consistency index = 0.93, retention index = 0.94. All characters were unordered. The lower dental formulas are plotted here at the points on the cladogram at which they change. The lower dental formula alone, 2.0.2.3, likely precludes derivation of Acidomomys from any known species of Phenacolemur (which have all lost i2 and p3) or Ignacius (which have all lost i2). Torrejonian Paromomys has a lower dental formula, 2.1.3.3, from which that of Acidomomys could easily be derived. Thus, Acidomomys seems to be a sole representative of a ghost lineage of paromomyids that extends back from the middle Clarkforkian to at least the late Torrejonian of North America.

table

TABLE 1. Summary of maxillary dental measurements of Acidomomys hebeticus, from middle Clarkforkian University of Michigan locality SC-62. Total sample includes 2 specimens. Abbreviations: N, sample size; , mean; s, standard deviation; V, coefficient of variation; L, crown length; W, crown width; and MD, mandibular depth. Measurements in mm

table

TABLE 2. Summary of mandibular dental measurements of Acidomomys hebeticus, from Cf-2 University of Michigan locality SC-62. Total sample includes 4 specimens. Abbreviations as in Table 1. Measurements in mm

table

APPENDIX 2 Character matrix used for phylogenetic analysis.

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