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Radiation Research 160(4):381-407. 2003
doi: 10.1667/RR3049

Studies of Mortality of Atomic Bomb Survivors. Report 13: Solid Cancer and Noncancer Disease Mortality: 1950–1997

Dale L. Preston1a, Yukiko Shimizub, Donald A. Piercea, Akihiko Suyamac, and Kiyohiko Mabuchid

aDepartment of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan

bDepartment of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan

cDepartment of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki, Japan

dRadiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland

1Address for correspondence: Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Koen, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 732-0815, Japan;

Abstract

Preston, D. L., Shimizu, Y., Pierce, D. A., Suyama, A. and Mabuchi, K. Studies of Mortality of Atomic Bomb Survivors. Report 13: Solid Cancer and Noncancer Disease Mortality: 1950–1997. Radiat. Res. 160, 381–407 (2003).

This continues the series of general reports on mortality in the cohort of atomic bomb survivors followed up by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. This cohort includes 86,572 people with individual dose estimates, 60% of whom have doses of at least 5 mSv. We consider mortality for solid cancer and for noncancer diseases with 7 additional years of follow-up. There have been 9,335 deaths from solid cancer and 31,881 deaths from noncancer diseases during the 47-year follow-up. Of these, 19% of the solid cancer and 15% of the noncancer deaths occurred during the latest 7 years. We estimate that about 440 (5%) of the solid cancer deaths and 250 (0.8%) of the noncancer deaths were associated with the radiation exposure. The excess solid cancer risks appear to be linear in dose even for doses in the 0 to 150-mSv range. While excess rates for radiation-related cancers increase throughout the study period, a new finding is that relative risks decline with increasing attained age, as well as being highest for those exposed as children as noted previously. A useful representative value is that for those exposed at age 30 the solid cancer risk is elevated by 47% per sievert at age 70. There is no significant city difference in either the relative or absolute excess solid cancer risk. Site-specific analyses highlight the difficulties, and need for caution, in distinguishing between site-specific relative risks. These analyses also provide insight into the difficulties in interpretation and generalization of LSS estimates of age-at-exposure effects. The evidence for radiation effects on noncancer mortality remains strong, with risks elevated by about 14% per sievert during the last 30 years of follow-up. Statistically significant increases are seen for heart disease, stroke, digestive diseases, and respiratory diseases. The noncancer data are consistent with some non-linearity in the dose response owing to the substantial uncertainties in the data. There is no direct evidence of radiation effects for doses less than about 0.5 Sv. While there are no statistically significant variations in noncancer relative risks with age, age at exposure, or sex, the estimated effects are comparable to those seen for cancer. Lifetime risk summaries are used to examine uncertainties of the LSS noncancer disease findings.

Received: December 12, 2002; Accepted: May 6, 2003



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APPENDIX: SUMMARY ESTIMATES OF SOLID CANCER SITE-SPECIFIC RISKS


The following tables provide site-specific summary risk estimates based on organ-specific survivor dose estimates. These estimates are based on age-constant ERR models with site-specific age-at-exposure effects for major sites where these can be reasonably estimated, and the reported ERR is for age at exposure 30. For minor sites, this effect is set to zero. The summary EAR estimate is the ratio of the estimated number of excess deaths to the total PY-Sv. The cohort attributable risk is the estimated number of excess deaths divided by the number of deaths among those whose estimated dose is at least 5 mSv.

FIG. 1. Excess cancer rates by calendar periods and age-at-exposure categories: absolute and relative to background rates

FIG. 2. Solid cancer dose–response function averaged over sex for attained age 70 after exposure at age 30. The solid straight line is the linear slope estimate, the points are dose category-specific ERR estimates, the dashed curve is a smoothed estimate derived from the points. The dotted curves indicate upper and lower one-standard-error bounds on the smoothed estimate

FIG. 3. Primary descriptions of the excess risks of solid cancer. The left panel presents fitted sex-averaged ERR estimates using both attained-age-declining (dark solid line) and attained-age-constant (dashed lines) forms, for age-at-exposure groups 0–9, 10–19, 20–39 and 40. ERR estimates for women are about 25% greater and ERR estimates for men are 25% lower than the values shown. The right panel presents fitted EAR estimates for the same dose groups. There is no evidence of significant sex differences in the fitted EAR. The details of these models are given in Section 3.3

FIG. 4. Estimates of the site-specific solid cancer ERR with 90% confidence intervals and one-sided P values for testing the hypothesis of no dose response. Except for sex-specific cancers (breast, ovary, uterus and prostate), the estimates are averaged over sex. All estimates and P values are based on a model in which the age-at-exposure and attained-age effects were fixed at the estimates for all solid cancers as a group. The light dotted vertical line at 0 corresponds to no excess risk, while the dark solid vertical line indicates the sex-averaged risk for all solid cancers.

FIG. 5. Age–time patterns for the solid cancer ERR and EAR for age-at-exposure groups 0–9, 10–19, 20–39 and 40 or more. The curves are power functions of attained age fitted separately for each age-at-exposure category. The points are estimated values for decades of attained age within each age at exposure group.

FIG. 6. Estimates of LSS lifetime solid cancer mortality risk and years of life lost per excess death, by age at exposure and sex and for a 100-mSv exposure. Estimates are based on age-declining (dark solid lines) and age-constant (light dashed lines) ERR models and an EAR model (dark dashed lines). The parameter estimates for these models are given in Tables 5 and 6 and the estimated excess risks were plotted in Fig. 3

FIG. 7. Site-specific age–time patterns in the radiation-associated risks for stomach, colon and liver cancer. The dark curves are fitted age–time patterns in the ERR (left side) and EAR (right side). The light dashed curves are the patterns obtained when the age and age-at-exposure effects are constrained to equal that for all other solid cancers. The curves are sex-averaged estimates of the risk at 1 Sv for people exposed at age 10, 30 and 50 with attained ages corresponding to the follow-up period

FIG. 8. Site-specific age–time patterns in the radiation-associated risks for lung, breast and all solid cancers other than stomach, colon, liver, lung and breast. The dark curves are fitted age–time patterns in the ERR (left side) and EAR (right side). The light dashed curves are the patterns obtained when the age and age-at-exposure effects are constrained to equal that for all other solid cancers. The curves are sex-averaged estimates of the risk at 1 Sv for people exposed at age 10, 30 and 50 with attained ages corresponding to the follow-up period

FIG. 9. Comparison of fitted noncancer mortality dose–response curves for early (1950–1967) and late (1968–1997) portions of the follow-up period. The solid curves are fits made using only proximal survivor data. The dashed curves are based on the data for the full cohort with no allowance for selection effects

FIG. 10. Noncancer dose–response function for the period 1968–1997. The solid straight line indicates the fitted linear ERR model without any effect modification by age at exposure, sex or attained age. The points are dose category-specific ERR estimates, the solid curve is a smoothed estimate derived from the points, and the dashed lines indicate upper and lower one-standard-error bounds on the smoothed estimate. The right panel shows the low-dose portion of the dose–response function in more detail

FIG. 11. Fitted noncancer ERR and EAR models. The ERR models shown in the left panel include a constant ERR model (solid line) and alternatives in which the ERR varies with either attained age (light dashed curve) or age at exposure (dashed-dotted lines). As described in the text, neither the attained age nor age-at-exposure effects significantly improve the fit. The EAR models (right panel) include a basic description in which the EAR increases in proportion to age power (dark curve) and a model in which the EAR is also allowed to depend on age at exposure (dash-dotted curves)

FIG. 12. Estimates of LSS noncancer disease lifetime risk and years of life lost per excess death by age at exposure and sex, and for a 1-Sv exposure. Estimates are based on constant ERR (dark solid lines) and age-at-exposure and sex-dependent (light dashed lines) ERR models and an EAR model (dark dashed-dotted lines). The parameter estimates for these models are described in the text and the estimated excess risks were plotted in Fig. 11

FIG. 13. Cause-specific dose–response functions for noncancer deaths. The plots display the best-fitting linear ERR models together with nonparametric ERR estimates for 20 dose categories

FIG. 14. Total and radiation-associated deaths per year for all causes and for cancers including leukemia. The solid lines show the data for the 1950 through 1997 follow-up period while the dashed lines are projections based on the primary ERR models discussed in this paper. The solid cancer model includes both age-at-exposure and attained-age effects while the linear constant relative risk model was used for noncancer. Background rates were projected assuming the birth cohort effects seen in the cohort to date will continue into the future. Assuming no future changes in background rates has little impact on the nature of the plot

table

TABLE 1 LSS Vital Status and Cause of Death Summary by Age at Exposure as of January 1, 1998

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TABLE 2 Observed and Expected Solid Cancer Deaths 1950–1997 by Dose Group

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TABLE 3 Cancer Deaths and Excess Rates by Calendar Period and Age at Exposure

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TABLE 4 Excess Relative Risk Estimates for Selected Dose Ranges

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TABLE 5 Solid Cancer Excess Relative Risk Model Parameter Estimates

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TABLE 6 Solid Cancer Excess Absolute Rate Model Parameter Estimates

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TABLE 7 Estimated Lifetime Risk of Radiation-Associated Solid Cancer Deaths in the LSS after Exposure to 0.1 Sv

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TABLE 8 Comparison of Baseline Rate Birth Cohort Effect and Age-at-Exposure Effects on the Solid Cancer ERR and EAR

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TABLE 9 Sex Ratios in Radiation Risk and Background Rates

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TABLE 10 Observed and Expected Noncancera Deaths 1950–1997

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TABLE 11 Noncancer Dose–Response Parameter Estimates for the Period of 1968–1997

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TABLE 12 Noncancer Dose–Response Parameter Estimates for the Period of 1950–1967

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TABLE 13 Life-Span Study Cause-Specific Noncancer Disease ERR Estimates 1968–1997

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TABLE A1 LSS Male Site-Specific Summary Mortality Risk Estimates: Solid Cancers 1950–1997

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TABLE A2 LSS Female Site-Specific Summary Mortality Risk Estimates: Solid Cancers 1950–1997

Formerly Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan.

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Kyoji Furukawa, John B. Cologne, Yukiko Shimizu, N. Phillip Ross. (2009) Predicting Future Excess Events in Risk Assessment. Risk Analysis 29:6, 885-899
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R. B. Richardson. (2009) Factors that elevate the internal radionuclide and chemical retention, dose and health risks to infants and children in a radiological-nuclear emergency. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 134:3-4, 167-180
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Vadim Fayngersh, Michael Passero. (2009) Estimating Radiation Risk from Computed Tomography Scanning. Lung 187:3, 143-148
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C J Martin, D G Sutton, C M West, E G Wright. (2009) The radiobiology/radiation protection interface in healthcare. Journal of Radiological Protection 29:2A, A1-A20
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M P Little. (2009) Cancer and non-cancer effects in Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Journal of Radiological Protection 29:2A, A43-A59
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Richard Wakeford. (2009) Radiation in the workplace—a review of studies of the risks of occupational exposure to ionising radiation. Journal of Radiological Protection 29:2A, A61-A79
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Eric J Hall. (2009) Is there a place for quantitative risk assessment?. Journal of Radiological Protection 29:2A, A171-A184
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Mark P. Little. (2009) Heterogeneity of variation of relative risk by age at exposure in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics
Online publication date: 27-Jun-2009.
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C.-L. Yu, M. A. Tucker, D. H. Abramson, K. Furukawa, J. M. Seddon, M. Stovall, J. F. Fraumeni, R. A. Kleinerman. (2009) Cause-Specific Mortality in Long-Term Survivors of Retinoblastoma. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101:8, 581-591
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Leahthan F. Domeshek, Srinivasan Mukundan, Terry Yoshizumi, Jeffrey R. Marcus. (2009) Increasing Concern Regarding Computed Tomography Irradiation in Craniofacial Surgery. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 123:4, 1313-1320
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Kristin Salottolo, Raphael Bar-Or, Matthew Fleishman, Gen Maruyama, Denetta Sue Slone, Charles W. Mains, David Bar-Or. (2009) Current utilization and radiation dose from computed tomography in patients with trauma*. Critical Care Medicine 37:4, 1336-1340
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Naohide Oue, Kazuhiro Sentani, Naoya Sakamoto, Junichi Motoshita, Takashi Nishisaka, Toshiyuki Fukuhara, Hiroo Matsuura, Hiroki Sasaki, Kei Nakachi, Wataru Yasui. (2009) Characteristic gene expression in stromal cells of gastric cancers among atomic-bomb survivors. International Journal of Cancer 124:5, 1112-1121
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Nezahat Hunter, Colin R Muirhead. (2009) Review of relative biological effectiveness dependence on linear energy transfer for low-LET radiations. Journal of Radiological Protection 29:1, 5-21
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M. Iwanaga, M. Tagawa, K. Tsukasaki, T. Matsuo, K.-i. Yokota, Y. Miyazaki, T. Fukushima, T. Hata, Y. Imaizumi, D. Imanishi, J. Taguchi, S. Momita, S. Kamihira, M. Tomonaga. (2009) Relationship between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and radiation exposure in Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors. Blood 113:8, 1639-1650
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C R Muirhead, J A O'Hagan, R G E Haylock, M A Phillipson, T Willcock, G L C Berridge, W Zhang. (2009) Mortality and cancer incidence following occupational radiation exposure: third analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers. British Journal of Cancer 100:1, 206-212
Online publication date: 13-Feb-2009.
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Raghu Ram K. Nair, Balakrishnan Rajan, Suminori Akiba, P Jayalekshmi, M Krishnan Nair, P Gangadharan, Taeko Koga, Hiroshige Morishima, Seiichi Nakamura, Tsutomu Sugahara. (2009) BACKGROUND RADIATION AND CANCER INCIDENCE IN KERALA, INDIA—KARANAGAPPALLY COHORT STUDY. Health Physics 96:1, 55-66
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Yuki Naruke, Masahiro Nakashima, Keiji Suzuki, Hisayoshi Kondo, Tomayoshi Hayashi, Midori Soda, Ichiro Sekine. (2009) Genomic instability in the epidermis induced by atomic bomb (A-bomb) radiation. Cancer NA-NA
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Andres I. Roig, Suzie K. Hight, Jerry W. Shay. (2009) Two- and Three-Dimensional Models for Risk Assessment of Radiation-Enhanced Colorectal Tumorigenesis. Radiation Research 171:1, 33-40
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Ausrele Kesminiene, Anne-Sophie Evrard, Viktor K. Ivanov, Irina V. Malakhova, Juozas Kurtinaitis, Aivars Stengrevics, Mare Tekkel, Lynn R. Anspaugh, André Bouville, Sergei Chekin, Vadim V. Chumak, Vladimir Drozdovitch, Vladimir Gapanovich, Ivan Golovanov, Phillipe Hubert, Sergei V. Illichev, Svetlana E. Khait, Viktor P. Kryuchkov, Evaldas Maceika, Marat Maksyoutov, Anatoly K. Mirkhaidarov, Semion Polyakov, Natalia Shchukina, Vanessa Tenet, Tatyana I. Tserakhovich, Aleksandr Tsykalo, Aleksandr R. Tukov, Elisabeth Cardis. (2008) Risk of Hematological Malignancies among Chernobyl Liquidators. Radiation Research 170:6, 721-735
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008.

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D. B. Richardson. (2008) A Simple Approach for Fitting Linear Relative Rate Models in SAS. American Journal of Epidemiology
Online publication date: 25-Nov-2008.
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N Cem Balci, Alex S Befeler, Paula Leiva, Thomas K Pilgram, Necat Havlioglu. (2008) Imaging of liver disease: Comparison between quadruple-phase multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 23:10, 1520-1527
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Padmavathy Amma Jayalekshmy, Suminori Akiba, Madhavan Krishnan Nair, Paleth Gangadharan, Balakrishnan Rajan, Reghuram K. Nair, Tsutomu Sugahara. (2008) Bidi smoking and lung cancer incidence among males in Karunagappally cohort in Kerala, India. International Journal of Cancer 123:6, 1390-1397
Online publication date: 15-Oct-2008.
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Mikhail E. Sokolnikov, Ethel S. Gilbert, Dale L. Preston, Elaine Ron, Natalia S. Shilnikova, Victor V. Khokhryakov, Evgeny K. Vasilenko, Nina A. Koshurnikova. (2008) Lung, liver and bone cancer mortality in Mayak workers. International Journal of Cancer 123:4, 905-911
Online publication date: 15-Sep-2008.
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Yoshimi Tatsukawa, Eiji Nakashima, Michiko Yamada, Sachiyo Funamoto, Ayumi Hida, Masazumi Akahoshi, Ritsu Sakata, Norman P. Ross, Fumiyoshi Kasagi, Saeko Fujiwara, Roy E. Shore. (2008) Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Atomic Bomb Survivors Exposed In Utero, 1978–2003. Radiation Research 170:3, 269-274
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2008.

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B. Ashleigh Guadagnolo, Gunar K. Zagars, Matthew T. Ballo, Sara S. Strom, Raphael E. Pollock, Robert S. Benjamin. (2008) Mortality after cure of soft‐tissue sarcoma treated with conservation surgery and radiotherapy. Cancer 113:2, 411-418
Online publication date: 15-Aug-2008.
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M P Little, E J Tawn, I Tzoulaki, R Wakeford, G Hildebrandt, S Tapio, P Elliott. (2008) Comments: The non-cancer mortality experience of male workers at British Nuclear Fuels plc, 1946-2005. International Journal of Epidemiology
Online publication date: 9-Aug-2008.
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X George Xu, Bryan Bednarz, Harald Paganetti. (2008) A review of dosimetry studies on external-beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction. Physics in Medicine and Biology 53:13, R193-R241
Online publication date: 7-Aug-2008.
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Tetsuji Imanaka, Satoru Endo, Kenichi Tanaka, Kiyoshi Shizuma. (2008) Gamma-ray exposure from neutron-induced radionuclides in soil in Hiroshima and Nagasaki based on DS02 calculations. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 47:3, 331-336
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.
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M. Hoshi, S. Endo, K. Tanaka, M. Ishikawa, T. Straume, K. Komura, W. Rühm, E. Nolte, T. Huber, Y. Nagashima, R. Seki, K. Sasa, K. Sueki, H. Fukushima, S. D. Egbert, T. Imanaka. (2008) Intercomparison study on 152Eu gamma ray and 36Cl AMS measurements for development of the new Hiroshima–Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Dosimetry System 2002 (DS02). Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 47:3, 313-322
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.
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Peter Jacob, Linda Walsh, Markus Eidemüller. (2008) Modeling of cell inactivation and carcinogenesis in the atomic bomb survivors with applications to the mortality from all solid, stomach and liver cancer. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 47:3, 375-388
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.
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Tetsuji Imanaka, Hiromi Hasai. (2008) Investigation continues on the atomic bomb dosimetry. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 47:3, 297-299
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.
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Richard E. Toohey. (2008) SCIENTIFIC ISSUES IN RADIATION DOSE RECONSTRUCTION. Health Physics 95:1, 26-35
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.
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P Myles, S Evans, A Lophatananon, P Dimitropoulou, D Easton, T Key, R Pocock, D Dearnaley, M Guy, S Edwards, L O'Brien, B Gehr-Swain, A Hall, R Wilkinson, R Eeles, K Muir. (2008) Diagnostic radiation procedures and risk of prostate cancer. British Journal of Cancer 98:11, 1852-1856
Online publication date: 3-Jul-2008.
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Hiroko Sudo, James Garbe, Martha R. Stampfer, Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff, Amy Kronenberg. (2008) Karyotypic Instability and Centrosome Aberrations in the Progeny of Finite Life-Span Human Mammary Epithelial Cells Exposed to Sparsely or Densely Ionizing Radiation. Radiation Research 170:1, 23-32
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.

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J. A. Simmons. (2008) Response to “Commentary: What Can Epidemiology Tell us about Risks at Low Doses?”. Radiation Research 170:1, 139-141
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.

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M. S. Sasaki, T. Nomura, Y. Ejima, H. Utsumi, S. Endo, I. Saito, T. Itoh, M. Hoshi. (2008) Experimental Derivation of Relative Biological Effectiveness of A-Bomb Neutrons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Implications for Risk Assessment. Radiation Research 170:1, 101-117
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.

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Donald A. Pierce, Michael Væth, John B. Cologne. (2008) Allowance for Random Dose Estimation Errors in Atomic Bomb Survivor Studies: A Revision. Radiation Research 170:1, 118-126
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.

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Marco Durante, Francis A. Cucinotta. (2008) Heavy ion carcinogenesis and human space exploration. Nature Reviews Cancer 8:6, 465-472
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.
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John Harrison, Philip Day. (2008) Radiation doses and risks from internal emitters. Journal of Radiological Protection 28:2, 137-159
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.
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A D Wrixon. (2008) New ICRP recommendations. Journal of Radiological Protection 28:2, 161-168
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.
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Ana Maria Gaca. (2008) Radiation Protection and Safety in Pediatric Imaging. Pediatric Annals 37:6, 383-387
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.
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T. Fearn, D. C. Hill, S. C. Darby. (2008) Measurement error in the explanatory variable of a binary regression: Regression calibration and integrated conditional likelihood in studies of residential radon and lung cancer. Statistics in Medicine 27:12, 2159-2176
Online publication date: 30-Jun-2008.
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Shiro Miura, Masahiro Nakashima, Masahiro Ito, Hisayoshi Kondo, Serik Meirmanov, Tomayoshi Hayashi, Midori Soda, Takeshi Matsuo, Ichiro Sekine. (2008) Significance ofHER2 andC-MYC oncogene amplifications in breast cancer in atomic bomb survivors. Cancer 112:10, 2143-2151
Online publication date: 15-Jun-2008.
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D. McGeoghegan, K. Binks, M. Gillies, S. Jones, S. Whaley. (2008) The non-cancer mortality experience of male workers at British Nuclear Fuels plc, 1946-2005. International Journal of Epidemiology 37:3, 506-518
Online publication date: 7-Jun-2008.
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P. McGale, S. C Darby. (2008) Commentary: A dose-response relationship for radiation-induced heart disease--current issues and future prospects. International Journal of Epidemiology 37:3, 518-523
Online publication date: 7-Jun-2008.
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A D Wrixon. (2008) New recommendations from the International Commission on Radiological Protection—a review. Physics in Medicine and Biology 53:8, R41-R60
Online publication date: 21-May-2008.
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Jolyon H. Hendry, M. Akahoshi, Li Sheng Wang, Steven E. Lipshultz, Fiona A. Stewart, Klaus R. Trott. (2008) Radiation-induced cardiovascular injury. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 47:2, 189-193
Online publication date: 1-May-2008.
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M P Little, R Wakeford. (2008) Systematic review of epidemiological studies of exposure to tritium. Journal of Radiological Protection 28:1, 9-32
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2008.
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M. Eidemüller, E. Ostroumova, L. Krestinina, A. Akleyev, P. Jacob. (2008) Analysis of Solid Cancer Mortality in the Techa River Cohort Using the Two-Step Clonal Expansion Model. Radiation Research 169:2, 138-148
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008.

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Kurt Samson. (2008) Study Warns of Increased Radiation Risk from Excessive CT Scans. Neurology Today 8:2, 7-8
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008.
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Thomas Lowe, Thehang Luu, Jeannie Shen, George Somlo. (2008) Male Breast Cancer 15 Years after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Including Total Body Irradiation for Recurrent Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Onkologie 31:5, 266-269
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008.
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M. P. Little, E. J. Tawn, I. Tzoulaki, R. Wakeford, G. Hildebrandt, F. Paris, S. Tapio, P. Elliott. (2008) A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Associations between Low and Moderate Doses of Ionizing Radiation and Late Cardiovascular Effects, and Their Possible Mechanisms. Radiation Research 169:1, 99-109
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008.

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David Pawel, Dale Preston, Donald Pierce, John Cologne. (2008) Improved Estimates of Cancer Site-Specific Risks for A-Bomb Survivors. Radiation Research 169:1, 87-98
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008.

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W D Atkinson, D V Law, K J Bromley. (2008) A decline in mortality from prostate cancer in the UK Atomic Energy Authority workforce. Journal of Radiological Protection 27:4, 437-445
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008.
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Masahiro Nakashima, Hisayoshi Kondo, Shiro Miura, Midori Soda, Tomayoshi Hayashi, Takeshi Matsuo, Shunichi Yamashita, Ichiro Sekine. (2007) Incidence of multiple primary cancers in Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors: Association with radiation exposure. Cancer Science 0:0, 071104195727001-???
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Mikhail Balonov. (2007) THIRD ANNUAL WARREN K. SINCLAIR KEYNOTE ADDRESS: RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS OF THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT. Health Physics 93:5, 383-409
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Markus Löbrich, Penny A. Jeggo. (2007) The impact of a negligent G2/M checkpoint on genomic instability and cancer induction. Nature Reviews Cancer 7:11, 861-869
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2007.
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Shunichi Yamashita, Zhanat Carr, Michael Repacholi. (2007) LONG-TERM HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT AND RELEVANT PROJECTS OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Health Physics 93:5, 538-541
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2007.
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P. Jacob, R. Meckbach, M. Sokolnikov, V. V. Khokhryakov, E. Vasilenko. (2007) Lung cancer risk of Mayak workers: modelling of carcinogenesis and bystander effect. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 46:4, 383-394
Online publication date: 10-Nov-2007.
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Mark P. Little, Per Hall, Monty W. Charles. (2007) Are cancer risks associated with exposures to ionising radiation from internal emitters greater than those in the Japanese A-bomb survivors?. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 46:4, 299-310
Online publication date: 10-Nov-2007.
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Paul J. Villeneuve, Rachel S. D. Lane, Howard I. Morrison. (2007) Coronary heart disease mortality and radon exposure in the Newfoundland fluorspar miners’ cohort, 1950–2001. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 46:3, 291-296
Online publication date: 24-Aug-2007.
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Linda Walsh. (2007) A short review of model selection techniques for radiation epidemiology. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 46:3, 205-213
Online publication date: 24-Aug-2007.
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D. L. Preston, E. Ron, S. Tokuoka, S. Funamoto, N. Nishi, M. Soda, K. Mabuchi, K. Kodama. (2007) Solid Cancer Incidence in Atomic Bomb Survivors: 1958–1998. Radiation Research 168:1, 1-64
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2007.

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Eric J. Nilles, David M. Spiro. (2007) Delayed Intracerebral Hemorrhage From an Extracranial Ball Bullet Pellet. Pediatric Emergency Care 23:6, 409-411
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2007.
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Donald A. Pierce, Michael Vaeth, Yukiko Shimizu. (2007) Selection Bias in Cancer Risk Estimation from A-Bomb Survivors. Radiation Research 167:6, 735-741
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2007.

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Richard C. Semelka, Diane M. Armao, Jorge Elias, Walter Huda. (2007) Imaging strategies to reduce the risk of radiation in CT studies, including selective substitution with MRI. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 25:5, 900-909
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2007.
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I. B. Tanaka III, S. Tanaka, K. Ichinohe, S. Matsushita, T. Matsumoto, H. Otsu, Y. Oghiso, F. Sato. (2007) Cause of Death and Neoplasia in Mice Continuously Exposed to Very Low Dose Rates of Gamma Rays. Radiation Research 167:4, 417-437
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2007.

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Lorenzo Richiardi, Ghislaine Scélo, Paolo Boffetta, Kari Hemminki, Eero Pukkala, Jorgen H. Olsen, Elisabete Weiderpass, Elizabeth Tracey, David H. Brewster, Mary L. McBride, Erich V. Kliewer, Jon M. Tonita, Vera Pompe-Kirn, Chia Kee-Seng, Jon G. Jonasson, Carmen Martos, Paul Brennan. (2007) Second malignancies among survivors of germ-cell testicular cancer: A pooled analysis between 13 cancer registries. International Journal of Cancer 120:3, 623-631
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2007.
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Stephen F. Kry, Uwe Titt, David Followill, Falk Pnisch, Oleg N. Vassiliev, R. Allen White, Marilyn Stovall, Mohammad Salehpour. (2007) A Monte Carlo model for out-of-field dose calculation from high-energy photon therapy. Medical Physics 34:9, 3489
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2007.
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Jun Nagano, Kiyohiko Mabuchi, Yasuhiko Yoshimoto, Yuzo Hayashi, Nobuo Tsuda, Charles Land, Kazunori Kodama. (2007) A Case-control Study in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Examining Non-radiation Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer. Journal of Epidemiology 17:3, 76-85
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2007.
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Choonik Lee, Choonsik Lee, Robert J. Staton, David E. Hintenlang, Manuel M. Arreola, Jonathon L. Williams, Wesley E. Bolch. (2007) Organ and effective doses in pediatric patients undergoing helical multislice computed tomography examination. Medical Physics 34:5, 1858
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2007.
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Herman Suit, Saveli Goldberg, Andrzej Niemierko, Marek Ancukiewicz, Eric Hall, Michael Goitein, Winifred Wong, Harald Paganetti. (2007) Secondary Carcinogenesis in Patients Treated with Radiation: A Review of Data on Radiation-Induced Cancers in Human, Non-human Primate, Canine and Rodent Subjects. Radiation Research 167:1, 12-42
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007.

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Fr??d??ric Lagarde. (2007) UNDERSTANDING ESTIMATION OF TIME AND AGE EFFECT-MODIFICATION OF RADIATION-INDUCED CANCER RISKS AMONG ATOMIC-BOMB SURVIVORS. Health Physics 91:6, 608-618
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007.
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Robert J Staton, Choonik Lee, Choonsik Lee, Matt D Williams, David E Hintenlang, Manuel M Arreola, Jonathon L Williams, Wesley E Bolch. (2006) Organ and effective doses in newborn patients during helical multislice computed tomography examination. Physics in Medicine and Biology 51:20, 5151-5166
Online publication date: 21-Nov-2006.
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W. F. Heidenreich, B. A. Carnes, H. G. Paretzke. (2006) Lung Cancer Risk in Mice: Analysis of Fractionation Effects and Neutron RBE with a Biologically Motivated Model. Radiation Research 166:5, 794-801
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2006.

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Elisabeth Cardis, Daniel Krewski, Mathieu Boniol, Vladimir Drozdovitch, Sarah C. Darby, Ethel S. Gilbert, Suminori Akiba, Jacques Benichou, Jacques Ferlay, Sara Gandini, Catherine Hill, Geoffrey Howe, Ausrele Kesminiene, Mirjana Moser, Marie Sanchez, Hans Storm, Laurent Voisin, Peter Boyle. (2006) Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident. International Journal of Cancer 119:6, 1224-1235
Online publication date: 15-Oct-2006.
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M. Kreuzer, M. Kreisheimer, M. Kandel, M. Schnelzer, A. Tschense, B. Grosche. (2006) Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the German uranium miners cohort study, 1946–1998. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 45:3, 159-166
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2006.
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Masayuki Hakoda, Fumiyoshi Kasagi, Yoichiro Kusunoki, Shinsuke Matsuura, Tomonori Hayashi, Seishi Kyoizumi, Masazumi Akahoshi, Gen Suzuki, Kazunori Kodama, Saeko Fujiwara. (2006) Levels of Antibodies to Microorganisms Implicated in Atherosclerosis and of C-Reactive Protein among Atomic Bomb Survivors. Radiation Research 166:2, 360-366
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2006.

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M. S. Sasaki, S. Endo, Y. Ejima, I. Saito, K. Okamura, Y. Oka, M. Hoshi. (2006) Effective dose of A-bomb radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki as assessed by chromosomal effectiveness of spectrum energy photons and neutrons. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 45:2, 79-91
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2006.
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Steven L. Simon, Ruth A. Kleinerman, Elaine Ron, André Bouville. (2006) Uses of Dosimetry in Radiation Epidemiology. Radiation Research 166:1, 125-127
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2006.

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Harry M. Cullings, Shoichiro Fujita, Sachiyo Funamoto, Eric J. Grant, George D. Kerr, Dale L. Preston. (2006) Dose Estimation for Atomic Bomb Survivor Studies: Its Evolution and Present Status. Radiation Research 166:1, 219-254
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2006.

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Daniel W. Schafer, Ethel S. Gilbert. (2006) Some Statistical Implications of Dose Uncertainty in Radiation Dose–Response Analyses. Radiation Research 166:1, 303-312
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2006.

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Albrecht M. Kellerer, Werner R??hm, Linda Walsh. (2006) INDICATIONS OF THE NEUTRON EFFECT CONTRIBUTION IN THE SOLID CANCER DATA OF THE A-BOMB SURVIVORS. Health Physics 90:6, 554-564
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2006.
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JCP Heggie, JK Kay, WK Lee. (2006) Importance in optimization of multi-slice computed tomography scan protocols. Australasian Radiology 50:3, 278-285
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2006.
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John D. Boice, Michael T. Mumma, William J. Blot. (2006) CANCER MORTALITY AMONG POPULATIONS RESIDING IN COUNTIES NEAR THE HANFORD SITE, 1950???2000. Health Physics 90:5, 431-445
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2006.
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Nezahat Hunter, Colin R. Muirhead, Wei Zhang. (2006) Possible selection effects for radiation risk estimates in Japanese A-bomb survivors: reanalysis of acute radiation symptoms data. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 45:1, 17-26
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2006.
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Joachim Breckow. (2006) Linear-no-threshold is a radiation-protection standard rather than a mechanistic effect model. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 44:4, 257-260
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2006.
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Eckehart Nolte, Werner Rühm, H. Hugo Loosli, Igor Tolstikhin, Kazuo Kato, Thomas C. Huber, Stephen D. Egbert. (2006) Measurements of fast neutrons in Hiroshima by use of 39Ar. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 44:4, 261-271
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2006.
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Anna Virtanen, Eero Pukkala, Anssi Auvinen. (2006) Incidence of bone and soft tissue sarcoma after radiotherapy: A cohort study of 295,712 Finnish cancer patients. International Journal of Cancer 118:4, 1017-1021
Online publication date: 15-Mar-2006.
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Mikhail Balonov, Rudolf Alexakhin, Andr?? Bouville, Jan-Olov Liljinzin. (2006) REPORT FROM THE TECHA RIVER DOSIMETRY REVIEW WORKSHOP HELD ON 8???10 DECEMBER 2003 AT THE STATE RESEARCH CENTRE INSTITUTE OF BIOPHYSICS, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. Health Physics 90:2, 97-113
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2006.
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Stephen F. Kry, Uwe Titt, Falk Pnisch, David Followill, Oleg N. Vassiliev, R. Allen White, Radhe Mohan, Mohammad Salehpour. (2006) A Monte Carlo model for calculating out-of-field dose from a Varian 6MV beam. Medical Physics 33:11, 4405
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Ohtsura NIWA. (2006) Radiation Induced Dynamic Mutations and Transgenerational Effects. Journal of Radiation Research 47:SupplementB, B25-B30
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2006.
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Kouki INAI, Yukiko SHIMIZU, Kioko KAWAI, Masayoshi TOKUNAGA, Midori SODA, Kiyohiko MABUCHI, Charles E. LAND, Shoji TOKUOKA. (2006) A Pathology Study of Malignant and Benign Ovarian Tumors Among Atomic-Bomb Survivors - Case Series Report -. Journal of Radiation Research 47:1, 49-59
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Wei Zhang, Colin R Muirhead, Nezahat Hunter. (2006) Age-at-exposure effects on risk estimates for non-cancer mortality in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Journal of Radiological Protection 25:4, 393-404
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L. Yu Krestinina, D. L. Preston, E. V. Ostroumova, M. O. Degteva, E. Ron, O. V. Vyushkova, N. V. Startsev, M. M. Kossenko, A. V. Akleyev. (2005) Protracted Radiation Exposure and Cancer Mortality in the Techa River Cohort. Radiation Research 164:5, 602-611
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M. M. Kossenko, T. L. Thomas, A. V. Akleyev, L. Yu Krestinina, N. V. Startsev, O. V. Vyushkova, C. M. Zhidkova, D. A. Hoffman, D. L. Preston, F. Davis, E. Ron. (2005) The Techa River Cohort: Study Design and Follow-up Methods. Radiation Research 164:5, 591-601
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V. Jacob, P. Jacob, R. Meckbach, S. A. Romanov, E. K. Vasilenko. (2005) Lung cancer in Mayak workers: interaction of smoking and plutonium exposure. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 44:2, 119-129
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(2005) INTRODUCTION. Radiation Research 164:4, 453-453
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Marco Durante. (2005) Biomarkers of Space Radiation Risk. Radiation Research 164:4, 467-473
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Linda Walsh, Werner Rühm, Albrecht M. Kellerer. (2005) Curvature in the Dose Response of the Life Span Study Cancer Mortality Data: Comments on “Effect of Recent Changes in Atomic Bomb Survivor Dosimetry on Cancer Mortality Risk Estimates” by Preston et al. (Radiat. Res. 162, 377–389, 2004). Radiation Research 163:4, 477-477
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Paul McGale, Sarah C. Darby. (2005) Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation and Circulatory Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Published Epidemiological Evidence. Radiation Research 163:3, 247-257
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Terry C. Pellmar, Sara Rockwell. (2005) Priority List of Research Areas for Radiological Nuclear Threat Countermeasures. Radiation Research 163:1, 115-123
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S. J. Ko, X-Y. Liao, S. Molloi, E. Elmore, J. L. Redpath. (2004) Neoplastic Transformation In Vitro after Exposure to Low Doses of Mammographic-Energy X Rays: Quantitative and Mechanistic Aspects. Radiation Research 162:6, 646-654
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Geoffrey R. Howe, Lydia B. Zablotska, Jack J. Fix, John Egel, Jeff Buchanan. (2004) Analysis of the Mortality Experience amongst U.S. Nuclear Power Industry Workers after Chronic Low-Dose Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. Radiation Research 162:5, 517-526
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Mieko Kodaira, Shizue Izumi, Norio Takahashi, Nori Nakamura. (2004) No Evidence of Radiation Effect on Mutation Rates at Hypervariable Minisatellite Loci in the Germ Cells of Atomic Bomb Survivors. Radiation Research 162:4, 350-356
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Dale L. Preston, Donald A. Pierce, Yukiko Shimizu, Harry M. Cullings, Shoichiro Fujita, Sachiyo Funamoto, Kazunori Kodama. (2004) Effect of Recent Changes in Atomic Bomb Survivor Dosimetry on Cancer Mortality Risk Estimates. Radiation Research 162:4, 377-389
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R Roychoudhuri, H Evans, D Robinson, H Møller. (2004) Radiation-induced malignancies following radiotherapy for breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer
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Donald A. Pierce. (2003) Mechanistic Models for Radiation Carcinogenesis and the Atomic Bomb Survivor Data. Radiation Research 160:6, 718-723
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