Paleobiology

Published by: The Paleontological Society

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Paleobiology 31(sp5):133-145. 2005
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0133:TDOES]2.0.CO;2

The dynamics of evolutionary stasis

Niles Eldredgea, John N. Thompsonb, Paul M. Brakefieldc, Sergey Gavriletsd, David Jablonskie, Jeremy B. C. Jacksonf, Richard E. Lenskig, Bruce S. Liebermanh, Mark A. McPeeki, and William Miller IIIj

aNiles Eldredge. Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at Seventy-ninth Street, New York, New York 10024.

bJohn N. Thompson. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, A316 Earth and Marine Sciences Building, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060.

cPaul M. Brakefield. Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.

dSergey Gavrilets. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996.

eDavid Jablonski. Department of Geophysical Sciences, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637.

fJeremy B. C. Jackson. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039.

gRichard E. Lenski. Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.

hBruce S. Lieberman. Departments of Geology and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 120 Lindley Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045.

iMark A. McPeek. Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755.

jWilliam Miller III. Department of Geology, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, California 95521.

Abstract

The fossil record displays remarkable stasis in many species over long time periods, yet studies of extant populations often reveal rapid phenotypic evolution and genetic differentiation among populations. Recent advances in our understanding of the fossil record and in population genetics and evolutionary ecology point to the complex geographic structure of species being fundamental to resolution of how taxa can commonly exhibit both short-term evolutionary dynamics and long-term stasis.

Accepted: April 17, 2004



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Figure 1.  Species stasis in the face of ongoing population-level evolution. Species (lineages 1, 2, and 3 on the left) exhibit negligible net phenotypic changes, while their component population systems (on the right) continually differentiate, fuse, or go extinct. Stasis is occasionally broken by establishment and spread of novel phenotypes (s); when this is matched with ecological opportunity, highly differentiated new lineages (sm) may be formed that eventually develop internal (population) dynamics and geographic structure resulting, again, in stasis. (In this view, species-lineages consist of anastomosing population systems and, at the same time, belong to clades composed of similar lineages)

Figure 2.  Analysis of a potential evolutionary constraint. A, Occupation by species of the butterfly genus Bicyclus of morphological space for the pattern of the forewing eyespot size. Names of representatives from among the 80 or so species are given. B, Responses obtained over 25 generations of artificial selection in replicate lines of B. anynana. Results show that butterflies similar to each corner pattern were produced from standing genetic variation in a single laboratory stock, including one morphology not seen in any extant species. Crosses indicate butterflies from the base population, and open symbols show samples from generation 25 in each direction of selection (green arrow) together with a representative forewing. Redrawn from Beldade et al. 2002

Figure 3.  Schematic diagram showing temporal and environmental (spatial) patterns of morphological change in two species of Middle Devonian brachiopods, measured as Mahalanobis D2 values from canonical discriminant analysis of morphometric data. Each of these species occurred in five distinct environments over a period of 5 Myr. Note the oscillatory nature of morphological change in each species (left and middle panels). The morphological changes of Mediospirifer audaculus sampled from the five distinct environments (far right panel) are also oscillatory, but have larger D2 distance excursions than when samples of the species are lumped as a whole (see middle panel). Moreover, changes within individual environments tend to cancel out, leading to negligible net change for the species as a whole

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Olivier Rieppel. (2009) Species as a Process. Acta Biotheoretica 57:1-2, 33-49
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P. PIRAS, F. MARCOLINI, P. RAIA, M. T. CURCIO, T. KOTSAKIS. (2009) Testing evolutionary stasis and trends in first lower molar shape of extinct Italian populations of Terricola savii (Arvicolidae, Rodentia) by means of geometric morphometrics. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22:1, 179-191
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MICHAEL HEADS. (2009) Globally basal centres of endemism: the Tasman-Coral Sea region (south-west Pacific), Latin America and Madagascar/South Africa. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 96:1, 222-245
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David Jablonski. (2008) Species Selection: Theory and Data. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39:1, 501-524
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Gene Hunt. (2008) Gradual or pulsed evolution: when should punctuational explanations be preferred?. Paleobiology 34:3, 360-377
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S. Alizon, M. Kucera, V. A. A. Jansen. (2008) Competition between cryptic species explains variations in rates of lineage evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:34, 12382-12386
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G. H. Walter. (2008) Individuals, populations and the balance of nature: the question of persistence in ecology. Biology & Philosophy 23:3, 417-438
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Ana Martín-González, Jacek Wierzchos, Juan C. Gutiérrez, Jesús Alonso, Carmen Ascaso. (2008) Morphological Stasis of Protists in Lower Cretaceous Amber. Protist 159:2, 251-257
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David Jablonski. (2008) Biotic Interactions and Macroevolution: Extensions and Mismatches Across Scales and Levels. Evolution 62:4, 715-739
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F. EROUKHMANOFF, E. I. SVENSSON. (2008) Phenotypic integration and conserved covariance structure in calopterygid damselflies. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21:2, 514-526
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S. Ekman, H. L. Andersen, M. Wedin. (2008) The Limitations of Ancestral State Reconstruction and the Evolution of the Ascus in the Lecanorales (Lichenized Ascomycota). Systematic Biology 57:1, 141-156
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S. L Chown, P. Convey. (2007) Spatial and temporal variability across life's hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362:1488, 2307-2331
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Matthew C. Cowperthwaite, Lauren Ancel Meyers. (2007) How Mutational Networks Shape Evolution: Lessons from RNA Models. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38:1, 203-230
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G. Hunt. (2007) From the Cover: The relative importance of directional change, random walks, and stasis in the evolution of fossil lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:47, 18404-18408
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Bruce S. Lieberman, William Miller, Niles Eldredge. (2007) Paleontological Patterns, Macroecological Dynamics and the Evolutionary Process. Evolutionary Biology 34:1-2, 28-48
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SERGEY GAVRILETS, AARON VOSE. (2007) Case studies and mathematical models of ecological speciation. 2. Palms on an oceanic island. Molecular Ecology 16:14, 2910-2921
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SERGEY GAVRILETS, AARON VOSE, MARTA BARLUENGA, WALTER SALZBURGER, AXEL MEYER. (2007) Case studies and mathematical models of ecological speciation. 1. Cichlids in a crater lake. Molecular Ecology 16:14, 2893-2909
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E. I. SVENSSON, T. P. GOSDEN. (2007) Contemporary evolution of secondary sexual traits in the wild. Functional Ecology 21:3, 422-433
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Aaron R. Wooda, Miriam L. Zelditcha, Adam N. Rountreya, Thomas P. Eitinga, H. David Sheetsb, and Philip D. Gingericha. (2007) Multivariate stasis in the dental morphology of the Paleocene-Eocene condylarth Ectocion. Paleobiology 33:2, 248-260
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Suzanne Estes, Stevan J. Arnold. (2007) Resolving the Paradox of Stasis: Models with Stabilizing Selection Explain Evolutionary Divergence on All Timescales. The American Naturalist 169:2, 227-244
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M. R. Pie, J. F. A. Traniello. (2007) Morphological evolution in a hyperdiverse clade: the ant genus Pheidole. Journal of Zoology 271:1, 99-109
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MARK A. McPEEK. (2007) THE MACROEVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AMONG SPECIES. Palaeontology 50:1, 111-129
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DAVID JABLONSKI. (2007) SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION. Palaeontology 50:1, 87-109
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Brendan O'Fallonab and Frederick R. Adleracd. (2006) STOCHASTICITY, COMPLEX SPATIAL STRUCTURE, AND THE FEASIBILITY OF THE SHIFTING BALANCE THEORY. Evolution 60:3, 448-459
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Geerat J. Vermeija and Gregory P. Dietlb. (2006) Majority rule: adaptation and the long-term dynamics of species. Paleobiology 32:2, 173-178
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Brendan O'Fallon, Frederick R. Adler. (2006) STOCHASTICITY, COMPLEX SPATIAL STRUCTURE, AND THE FEASIBILITY OF THE SHIFTING BALANCE THEORY. Evolution 60:3, 448-459
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Lee Hsiang Liow. Speciation and the Fossil Record. .
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