Journal of Paleontology

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Journal of Paleontology 74(1):158-178. 2000
doi: 10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0158:ANFRWB>2.0.CO;2

A NEW FOSSIL RESIN WITH BIOLOGICAL INCLUSIONS IN LOWER CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS FROM ÁLAVA (NORTHERN SPAIN, BASQUE-CANTABRIAN BASIN)

JESUS ALONSOa, ANTONIO ARILLOb, EDUARDO BARRÓNc, J. CARMELO CORRALh, JOAN GRIMALTd, JORDI F. LÓPEZd, RAFAEL LÓPEZi, XAVIER MARTÍNEZ-DELCLÒSe, VICENTE ORTUÑOf, ENRIQUE PEÑALVERg, and PAULO R. TRINCÃOj

aMuseo de Ciencias Naturales de Álava—Arabako Natur Zientzien Museoa, Siervas de Jesús 24, E-01001 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain,

bDpto. de Biología Animal 1 (Entomología), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain,

cDepartamento de Geociências. Universidade de Aveiro. 3810 Aveiro, Portugal,

dCentre d’Investigació i Desenvolupament, C.S.I.C. Jordi Girona, 18-26. E-08034 Barcelona, Spain,

eDepartament d’Estratigrafia i Paleontologia. Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Zona Universitaria de Pedralbes, E-08071 Barcelona, Spain,

fDepartamento de Biología animal, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain,

gDepartament de Geología, Facultat de Biologia, Universidat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain,

hMuseo de Ciencias Naturales de Álava—Arabako Natur Zientzien Museoa, Siervas de Jesús 24, E-01001 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain,

iMuseo de Ciencias Naturales de Álava—Arabako Natur Zientzien Museoa, Siervas de Jesús 24, E-01001 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain,

jDepartamento de Geociências. Universidade de Aveiro. 3810 Aveiro, Portugal,

Abstract

The occurrence of amber in Sierra de Cantabria (Álava, Basque Country) has been known for more than two decades but biological inclusions have only recently been found. The existence of crustaceans (amphipods and isopods), chelicerates (acari and arachnids), 12 orders of insects, and several bird feathers are reported in this preliminary study. In addition, there are leaf remains, molluscs, and a fair number of inorganic inclusions.

Pollen analysis of the clastic series indicates an age between upper Aptian—middle Albian, which allows an assignment of this stratigraphic unit to the Nograro Formation. Chemical analysis indicates that the amber has high maturity, which reflects its Cretaceous age. Chemical composition analysis also indicates an araucariacean origin, which is corroborated by pollen found within the amber deposit.

This new fossil site provides information for the reconstruction of paleocommunities of arthropods and sedimentary environments in the extreme south of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin during the Lower Cretaceous, characterized by coniferous forests with an understory of vascular cryptograms. Some of the identified arthropods add to the fossil record for various groups that are poorly known or unknown for this time period. This Lagerstätte constitutes one of the most important deposits of Mesozoic amber in the world.

Accepted: July 19, 1999



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Figure 1—Location of two amber deposits (P I and P II) in the Peñacerrada area (Álava, northern Spain). Geological map modified from Portero and Ramírez del Pozo (1979)

Figure 2—Composit section of Lower Cretaceous clastic sequences around Sierra Cantabria. 1, conglomerates; 2, oister-rich sandstones; 3, lutites; 4, coal; 5, friable sandstones. Depositional environments: F, fluvial; UD, upper delta plain; LD, lower delta plain and P, shallow platform (Based on Ramírez del Pozo, 1971; Portero and Ramírez del Pozo, 1979 and García Mondejar, 1982)

Figure 3—Field sketch of the Peñacerrada-II outcrop showing the sedimentary facies. Gm, clast supported gravels, sandy matrix; St, large trough cross-stratified sandstones; Sh, regularly interlaminated sandstones and lutites (Flaser Lamination); S, carbonaceous sandstones with amber nodules; La, sandy lutites with plant remains; Lp, black organic-rich lutites; C, coal

Figure 4—Amber accumulation examples. 1, One of the largest lumps, MCNA 8611, length 20 cm; 2, amber layer interbedded in a carbonaceous sandstone, MCNA 8615, about 15 cm long; 3, amber lump with pressure marks of the sandstone grains, MCNA 8614, length 3.5 cm; 4, amber lump with contemporaneus cracks and flow lines, MCNA 8613, length 7 cm; 5, 6, polished amber pieces of the flaming variety, MCNA 8618 and MCNA 8617, length 3 and 4 cm respectively; 7, spherical lump of clear amber in matrix, MCNA 8612; length 3.5 cm; 8, lump with natural grooves in the crust and a silicon rubber mould to its left, MCNA 8616, length 7.5 cm

Figure 5—1, Several examples of aerial amber (i.e., drops and stalactites), from upper left to lower right MCNA 8619–8626, length of the largest fragment 3.2 cm. 2, Crystals of an undeterminated mineral in a three-phase bubble in a piece of amber, MCNA 8629, length of the inclusion 170 μm. 3, Transverse section of an amber “stalactite” showing growing layers, MCNA 8627, longest diameter 11.4 mm. 4, Dendritic gas bubble, MCNA 8628, length of the inclusion 1.2 mm. 5, Two-phase bubble, MCNA 8630.1, longest diameter 0.37 mm

Figure 6—FT-infrared spectra of the amber samples from the Peñacerrada deposits (Álava, northern Spain)

Figure 7—Representative GC profiles of the apolar and polar fractions of Peñacerrada ambers. Numbered peaks refer to compounds in Table 3

Figure 8—Spores and pollen from the amber bearing rocks, ×1.250. 1, trilete spores apiculati (Neoraistrickia sp.); 2, taeniati trilete spores (Cicatricosisporites venustus); 3, esporas triletas taeniati (Costatoperforosporites fistulosus); 4, cingulati trilete spores (Acritosporites oculatus); 5, cingulati trilete spores (Patellasporites tavaredensis); 6, inaperturate polen (Inaperturopollenites dubius)

Figure 9—1, Larva of Coleoptera, MCNA 8658, body length 2 mm. 2, Aves, contour feather, MCNA 8632, length 16 mm. 3, Acari, Actinedida, MCNA 8633.1, body length 0.25 mm. 4, Acari, Actinedida in lateral view, MCNA 8634.1, body length 0.4 mm. 5, Arachnida, Araneae in ventral view, MCNA 8635, longest span of the legs 11.2 mm. 6, Arachnida, Araneae in dorsal view, MCNA 8636, body length 1.6 mm. 7, Crustacea, Amphipoda in ventral view, MCNA 8637, body length 1.7 mm

Figure 10—1, Thysanura in lateral view, MCNA 8638, body length 3 mm. 2, Blattodea (larva) in ventro-lateral view, MCNA 8639, body length 3.6 mm. 3, Psocoptera, Archaetropidae in ventral view, MCNA 8640.1, body length 2 mm. 4, Thysanoptera, Aeolothripidae, Terebrantia in dorsal view, MCNA 8641, body length 1.3 mm. 5, Lepidoptera in ventral view, MCNA 8642, body length 1.76 mm. 6, Hemiptera in dorsal view, MCNA 8643, body length 1.4 mm. 7, Neuroptera in ventrolateral view, MCNA 8644.1, longest length of the visual field 3.8 mm

Figure 11—1, Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, MCNA 8645, body length 1.25 mm. 2, Diptera, Chironomidae?, MCNA 8634.2, length of the body shown 0.5 mm. 3, Diptera, Psychodidae, MCNA 8647, body length 0.95 mm. 4, 5, Diptera, Phoridae in dorsal and lateral view, MCNA 8648, body length 1.7 mm

Figure 12—1, Diptera Nematocera, Sciaridae in ventral view, MCNA 8649.1, and small specimen of Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera), dorso-lateral view, MCNA 8649.2, body length of the diptera 1.45 mm. 2, A rare Sherphitidae of the genus Aposerphites (Hymenoptera), ventral view, MCNA 8651, body length 1.72 mm. 3, A female of the family Scelionidae, representing one of the most abundant wasp families in Álava amber, lateral view, MCNA 8652, body length 1.25 mm. 4, 5, A female of the family Scelionidae in dorsal and ventral views, MCNA 8653, body length 1.05 mm. 6, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae in dorsal view, MCNA 8654, body length 1.15 mm. 7, Coleoptera, fam. indet. in dorso-lateral view, MCNA 8655, body length 1.2 mm

Figure 13—Percentage of orders of Arthropoda occuring in the amber of Álava in a sample of 600 inclusions

Figure 14—Structures identified in the ambers quoted in text

table

Table1 Physical characteristics of the Álava amber

table

Table2 Elemental analysis of the Álava amber

table

Table3 Compounds identified in the Álava ambers. See Figure 14 for the pictorial representation of the compounds

table

Table4 Arthropoda representatives in the Álava amber and their occurrence in other major deposits of amber

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