The authors report on ongoing work in the Brazilian Amazon to assess the current and prospective management of rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) populations threatened by a half-century of predatory extraction for the valuable essential oil linalool used widely in perfumery. The report synthesizes prior research on rosewood exploitation and markets and recent research to develop new essential oil products derived from rosewood leaves and stems. The study suggests alternative rosewood production systems, to guide investment in management and certification of sustainable rosewood oil supplies.