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The Condor 116(1):8-23. 2014
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-13-090.1

Bird–building collisions in the United States: Estimates of annual mortality and species vulnerability

Colisiones entre aves y edificios en los Estados Unidos: Estimaciones de mortalidad anual y vulnerabilidad de especies

Scott R. Loss^1,^a *, Tom Will², Sara S. Loss¹ ,and Peter P. Marra¹

¹Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA

²U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Birds, Midwest Regional Office, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA

^aCurrent address: Department of Natural Resource Ecology & Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA

*Corresponding author: scott.loss@okstate.edu

ABSTRACT

Building collisions, and particularly collisions with windows, are a major anthropogenic threat to birds, with rough estimates of between 100 million and 1 billion birds killed annually in the United States. However, no current U.S. estimates are based on systematic analysis of multiple data sources. We reviewed the published literature and acquired unpublished datasets to systematically quantify bird–building collision mortality and species-specific vulnerability. Based on 23 studies, we estimate that between 365 and 988 million birds (median = 599 million) are killed annually by building collisions in the U.S., with roughly 56% of mortality at low-rises, 44% at residences, and <1% at high-rises. Based on >92,000 fatality records, and after controlling for population abundance and range overlap with study sites, we identified several species that are disproportionately vulnerable to collisions at all building types. In addition, several species listed as national Birds of Conservation Concern due to their declining populations were identified to be highly vulnerable to building collisions, including Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris), Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa), and Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorum). The identification of these five migratory species with geographic ranges limited to eastern and central North America reflects seasonal and regional biases in the currently available building-collision data. Most sampling has occurred during migration and in the eastern U.S. Further research across seasons and in underrepresented regions is needed to reduce this bias. Nonetheless, we provide quantitative evidence to support the conclusion that building collisions are second only to feral and free-ranging pet cats, which are estimated to kill roughly four times as many birds each year, as the largest source of direct human-caused mortality for U.S. birds.

RESUMEN

Colisones con edificios, en particular contra ventanas, presentan una amenaza antropogénica importante para las aves, y se estima que causan la muerte de entre 100 millón a mil millones de aves anualmente. Sin embargo, no existen estimaciones para los Estados Unidos que estén basadas en un análisis sistemático de datos provenientes de multiples fuentes. Revisamos datos publicados y tambien adquirimos bases de datos inéditos para cuantificar de una manera sistemática la mortalidad causada por colisones entre aves y edificios, y la vulnerabilidad de diferentes especies. Basado en 23 estudios, estimamos que entre 365 y 988 millones de aves (promedio = 599 millones) mueren anualmente como consecuencia de colisiones con edificios en los Estados Unidos, con aproximadamente 56% de la mortalidad en edificios de baja altura, 44% en residencias, y <1% en edificios de muchos pisos. Basado en >92,000 fatalidades registradas, y luego do controlar por abundancia poblacional y solapamiento de rango con area de estudio, identificamos varias especies que son desproporcionalmente vulnerables a colisiones con todos los tipos de edificio. Además, varias especies listadas nacionalmente como Aves de Interés para la Conservación debido a sus poblaciones en declive fueron identificadas como altamente vulnerables a colisiones, incluyendo Vermivora chrysoptera, Passerina ciris, Cardellina canadensis, Hylocichla mustelina, Geothlypis formosa, y Helmitheros vermivorum. La identificación de estas cinco especies migratorias con rangos geográficos restringidos a Norteamérica oriental y central refleja sesgos estacionales y regionales en la disponibilidad de datos actuales disponibles de colisiones con edificios. La mayoría del muestreo ha ocurrido durante la época de migración y en el este de los Estados Unidos. Hacen falta investigaciones adicionales a través de estaciones y en regiones poco representadas par reducir este sesgo. Sin embargo, presentamos evidencia cuantitativa que apoya la conclusión que, como causa de mortalidad ligada derectamente a los humanos en los Estados Unidos, las colisiones con edificios son superados solamente por los gatos mascotas libres, los cuales matan aproximadamente cuatro veces la cantidad de aves anualmente.

Palabras clave: mortalidad antropogénica, Aves de Interés para la Conservación, residencia particular, edificio de baja altura, edificio de muchos pisos, revisión sistemática, colisión con ventana

Received: October 9, 2013; Accepted: October 17, 2013

;

Published: 2 1 2014

Keywords: anthropogenic mortality, Birds of Conservation Concern, individual residence, low-rise, high-rise, systematic review, window collision

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