Avian Diseases
Published by: American Association of Avian Pathologists
Avian Diseases 51(s1):484-489. 2007
doi: 10.1637/7683-072106R.1
Assessment of the Protection Afforded by Triple Baculovirus Recombinant Coexpressing H5, N3, M1 Proteins Against a Homologous H5N3 Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Challenge in Muscovy Ducks






aAFSSA, Swine and Poultry Research Laboratory French National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit
bVirus Genetics and Biosecurity Unit
cService of Breeding and Experimentation in Avian Pathology, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
Abstract
In Asia, domestic ducks have been shown to play a pivotal role in H5 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus transmission. We have also observed that the same situation may exist for H5 low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus. No data are available regarding the protection afforded by commercial inactivated vaccines against H5 LPAI virus infection in ducks, and two preliminary experiments using commercial inactivated vaccines gave poor results. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been shown to be immunogenic in different species. With regard to the influenza model, the matrix (M) protein has been shown to be necessary for the formation of VLPs. In order to attempt to develop a VLP influenza vaccine expressing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (NA) of interest, we generated a triple recombinant baculovirus (rB) expressing three structural proteins: H5, N3, and M, derived from a recent French LPAI virus strain. Although the three proteins were successfully expressed in rB-infected cells and displayed the expected biological activity, no VLPs were observed. Despite this result, the protection afforded to ducks by rB-infected cell lysates was assessed and was compared with the protection afforded by an inactivated commercial H5N9 vaccine. For this purpose, specific-pathogen-free Muscovy ducks (15 per group) received rB-infected cell lysates (3 wk apart), while a second group received the H5N9 vaccine. Ten days after the boost, a homologous virus challenge was implemented. Both vaccines induced positive hemagglutination inhibition titers and M immune response, whereas lysates of rB-infected cells elicited NA immune response. Tracheal and cloacal sheddings were measured using M-based real-time-reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and were compared with the sheddings of vaccinated and unvaccinated infected controls. Lysates of rB-infected cells afforded a significant decrease of cloacal shedding and a delayed peak of tracheal shedding, whereas the inactivated commercial vaccine afforded a significant decrease of tracheal shedding only.
Resumen
Nota de Investigación—Evaluación de la protección conferida por un baculovirus recombinante expresando las proteínas H5, N3, y M1, contra un desafío homólogo con virus H5N3 de influenza aviar de baja patogenicidad en patos moscovitas.
En Asia se ha demostrado que los patos domésticos juegan un papel fundamental en la transmisión del virus H5 de influenza aviar de alta patogenicidad. Se ha observado que la misma situación debe existir para los virus de influenza aviar de baja patogenicidad. No existen datos disponibles relacionados con la protección conferida por las vacunas comerciales inactivadas contra el virus H5 de influenza aviar de baja patogenicidad en patos. Dos experimentos preliminares utilizando vacunas comerciales inactivadas no dieron resultados satisfactorios. Se ha demostrado que las partículas similares a virus son inmunogénicas en diferentes especies. En relación con el modelo para influenza, se ha demostrado que la proteína de la matriz es necesaria para la formación de estas partículas. Con la finalidad de desarrollar una vacuna contra influenza con partículas similares a virus expresando la hemaglutinina y la neuraminidasa de interés, se generó un baculovirus recombinante expresando tres proteínas estructurales: H5, N3, y M, derivadas de una cepa Francesa de virus de influenza aviar de baja patogenicidad. Aun cuando las tres proteínas se expresaron en las células infectadas con el baculovirus y mostraron la actividad biológica esperada, no se observaron partículas similares a virus. A pesar de esto, se evaluó la protección generada por lisados de células infectadas con el baculovirus recombinante en patos y se comparó con la protección conferida por una vacuna comercial inactivada H5N9. Con este fin, patos moscovitas libres de patógenos específicos (15 por grupo) recibieron lisados de células infectadas con el baculovirus recombinante (con 3 semanas de intervalo), mientras un segundo grupo recibió la vacuna H5N9. Diez días después de la revacunación se implementó un desafío con una cepa homóloga. Ambas vacunas indujeron títulos positivos de inhibición de la hemoaglutinación y respuesta inmune contra la proteína de la matriz, mientras los lisados de células infectadas con el baculovirus recombinante indujeron una respuesta inmune contra la neuraminidasa. Mediante una prueba de reacción en cadena por la polimerasa-transcriptasa reversa basada en el gen que codifica para la proteína de la matriz, se evaluó la diseminación en la tráquea y cloaca y se comparó con la diseminación de los controles vacunados y no vacunados. Los lisados de células infectadas con el baculovirus generaron una disminución significativa de la diseminación cloacal y un retardo en la curva de diseminación traqueal, mientras que las vacunas inactivadas generaron una disminución solo en la diseminación traqueal.
Abbrevations: AI = avian influenza, bMHA = double recombinant baculovirus containing H5 and M gene, bNA = single recombinant baculovirus containing N3 gene, cS = chicken-specific serum, DIVA = differentiating infected from vaccinated animals, EID50 = 50% egg infectious dose, HA = hemagglutinin, HI = hemagglutination inhibition, HPAI = high-pathogenicity avian influenza, IgG = immunoglobulin G, iIF = indirect immunofluorescence, LP = low pathogenicity, MOI = multiplicity of infection, NP = nucleoprotein, PBS = phosphate-buffered saline, pCMV-M = plasmid with cytomegalovirus promoter and AI viral matrix gene insert, PCR = polymerase chain reaction, rB = triple recombinant baculovirus, RBCs = red blood cells, RT-PCR = reverse transcription–PCR, rRT-PCR = real-time RT-PCR, SPF = specific pathogen free, VLP = virus-like particle, WB = western blot
Received: 21 July 2006; Accepted: 28 September 2006
Keywords: avian influenza, ducks, H5, immunity, low pathogenicity, matrix protein, N3, recombinant baculovirus
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Western blot analysis of the HA and M1 proteins expressed in Sf9 cells infected by triple baculovirus recombinants. Expression of H5 and M1 proteins in infected cells (P) was evaluated with (a) two H5-specific antisera, noted cS H5N3 and cS H5N2, adding H1N3-specific (cS H1N3) and chicken SPF antiserum (cS SPF) as controls, and (b) M1-specific murine monoclonal antibody. Influenza virus A/Duck/France/02166/2002 (H5N3), A/Duck/France/05056a/2005 (H5N2), A/Teal/France/2546/2001 (H1N3), noted as, respectively, C1+, C2+, and C3+, were used as control
Fig. 2.
Monitoring HA protein expression with hemadsorption assay. (a) Uninfected insect cells; (b) Insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus containing NA gene (bNA); (c) Insect cells infected with double recombinant baculovirus (bMHA); (d) rB-infected insect cells
Fig. 3.
Properties of the different fractions obtained from Sf9 culture supernatants after sucrose density gradient purification. Supernatants were harvested 72 hr after infection of cells with rB-baculovirus and were purified through sucrose density gradients. Analysis of fractions 1 to 8 was performed by western blot using chicken H5 hyperimmune serum (a) and M1-specific murine monoclonal antibody (b). Influenza virus A/Duck/France/ 02166/2002 (H5N3) was used as control (C+)
Fig. 4.
HI titers in ducks following vaccination and challenge. HI test was performed using four HA units of the inactivated A/Duck/France/02166/2002 H5N3 AI strain. Titers were expressed as geometric means. The threshold is defined as ≥4 log2. Four groups were analyzed: group 1: SPF control = unvaccinated, unchallenged (No V, No Ch); group 2: challenged control = unvaccinated, challenged (No V, Ch); group 3: vaccinated with lysates from rB-infected cells, challenged (VH5N3M1, Ch); and group 4: vaccinated with an inactivated commercial vaccine H5N9, challenged (VH5N9, Ch)
Fig. 5.
M1 and N3 immune response in ducks according to vaccination schedule following homologous virus challenge. The M1 immune response was evaluated by western blot and the NA immune response was evaluated by iIF. The groups are the same as in Fig. 4
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Online publication date: 1-Mar-2007.
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