Weed Science

Published by: Weed Science Society of America

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Weed Science 49(3):431-436. 2001
doi: 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0431:HCADFS]2.0.CO;2

Herbicide concentration and dissipation from surface wind-erodible soil

Sharon A. Claya, Thomas M. DeSutterb, David E. Clayb

aCorresponding author. Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007;

bPlant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007

Abstract

Soil lost through wind erosion may transport herbicides to nontarget areas. Shallow incorporation may reduce herbicide concentrations at the soil surface, thereby reducing loss on wind-erodible sediment (particles and aggregates less than 1 mm in diameter). Atrazine, alachlor, and acetochlor concentrations on and dissipation rates from surface wind-erodible sediment and larger size fractions from two soil types in undisturbed and incorporated (5 cm deep) treatments were compared. The surface 1 cm of soil was removed by vacuum 1, 7, and 21 d after herbicide treatment (DAT). This soil was dry-sieved into six size fractions (four fractions considered wind-erodible and two larger size fractions), and herbicide concentrations were determined on each size fraction. About 50% of the recovered material was classified as wind erodible sediment. Incorporation reduced herbicide concentrations on all size fractions and results were similar between soil types. Wind-erodible sediments from undisturbed and incorporated treatments contained about 65 and 8% of the applied herbicides, respectively, 1 DAT. Herbicide concentrations were similar among size fractions within a treatment 7 and 21 DAT; however, incorporation reduced soil herbicide concentrations from 50 to 80% compared to concentrations on soil from undisturbed areas. Shallow incorporation did not affect weed control ratings measured 30 DAT or herbicide dissipation. However, 50% dissipation rates (DT50) for each herbicide were about 15 d for wind-erodible sediments and ranged from 30 to 55 d for size fractions ≥1.68 mm.

Nomenclature:Acetochlor; alachlor; atrazine.

Received: May 22, 2000; Final version received: December 12, 2000

Keywords: Herbicide transport, nonpoint source contamination, wind erosion



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Figure 1. The surface area to volume ratio is a function of soil size fraction. As aggregate size decreases, the surface area to volume ratio increases exponentially

table

Table 1. Physical and chemical characterization of six aggregate sizes in the top 1 cm of soil reported by size fraction for a Barnes loam (1995) and a Brandt silty clay loam soil (1996) at Brookings, SD. Size fractions < 1.0 mm are classified as wind-erodible sediments

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Table 2. The effect of shallow incorporation on herbicide concentration in the top 1 cm of soil reported on several size fractions for a Barnes loam (1995) and a Brandt silty clay loam (1996) 1 d after herbicide treatment at Brookings, SD.a

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Table 3. The effect of shallow incorporation on herbicide concentration in the top 1 cm of soil reported on several size fractions for a Barnes loam (1995) and a Brandt silty clay loam (1996) 7 d after herbicide application at Brookings, SD.a

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Table 4. The effect of shallow incorporation on herbicide concentration in the top 1 cm of soil reported on several size fractions for a Barnes loam (1995) and a Brandt silty clay loam (1996) 21 d after herbicide application at Brookings, SD.a

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Table 5. Calculated time to 50% dissipation (DT50) of atrazine, alachlor, and acetochlor for six soil size fractions averaged over soil types in 1995 (Barnes loam) and 1996 (Brandt silty clay loam) at Brookings, SD. Rainfall was excluded during the course of the study.a

table

Table 6. Weed control associated with atrazine plus alachlor and atrazine plus acetochlor herbicide combinations in undisturbed and incorporated treatments on a Barnes loam (1995) and a Brandt silty clay loam (1996), respectively, at Brookings, SD. Control was rated on a scale of 0 (no control) to 100% (total control of the species compared to untreated plot areas).a

Cited by

Thomas M. DeSutter, Sharon A. Clay, David E. Clay. (2003) Atrazine sorption and desorption as affected by aggregate size, particle size, and soil type. Weed Science 51:3, 456-462
Online publication date: 1-May-2003.

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