The balsam twig aphid, Mindarus abietinus Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae), is a major insect pest of balsam and Fraser fir grown for Christmas trees. Our objectives in this study were to 1) monitor the phenology of M. abietinus in fir plantations; 2) assess relationships among M. abietinus density, tree phenology, and damage to tree foliage; and 3) develop an esthetic injury level for M. abietinus on Christmas trees. We monitored phenology of M. abietinus and fir trees on three commercial Christmas tree plantations in central and northern Lower Michigan for 3 yr (1999–2001). Phenology of M. abietinus fundatrices and sexuparae was strongly correlated with accumulated degree-days (DD) base 10°C. Fundatrices matured by ≈83 DD10°C and sexuparae were first observed at ≈83–111 DD10°C. Trees that broke bud ≈1 wk later than other trees in the same field escaped M. abietinus damage and shoot expansion rate in spring was generally positively correlated with M. abietinus damage. Retail customers surveyed at a choose-and-cut Christmas plantation in 2 yr did not consistently differentiate between similarly sized trees with no, light, and moderate M. abietinus damage, but heavy damage (>50% damaged shoots) did affect customer perception. Similarly, when wholesale grades were assigned, the high quality Grade 1 trees had up to 40% shoot damage, whereas Grade 2 trees had 32–62% shoot damage. Two trees ranked as unsaleable had sparse canopies and distorted needles on 42% to almost 100% of the shoots.
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1 December 2003
Phenology and Density of Balsam Twig Aphid, Mindarus abietinus Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Relation to Bud Break, Shoot Damage, and Value of Fir Christmas Trees
K. M. Fondren,
D. G. McCullough
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Journal of Economic Entomology
Vol. 96 • No. 6
December 2003
Vol. 96 • No. 6
December 2003
aesthetic injury level
Balsam fir
Fraser fir
host plant phenology
integrated pest management