Annals of the Entomological Society of America

Published by: Entomological Society of America

« previous article : next article »


Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93(4):738-744. 2000
doi: 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0738:MMDEFA]2.0.CO;2

Molecular Markers Distinguishing Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

C. S. Babcock and J. M. Heraty

Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521

Abstract

Reciprocal molecular markers were developed to distinguish the closely related parasitoid species Encarsia formosa Gahan and E. luteola Howard. E. formosa is widely used in the biological control of whiteflies and yet, based upon morphology, it is extremely difficult to distinguish from E. luteola. The D2 expansion region of 28S rDNA was sequenced from seven strains of E. formosa and two strains of E. luteola to assess the amount of genetic variation within and between species at this locus. From parsimony analysis we find that populations of E. formosa and E. luteola each form a monophyletic clade and are probably each other’s most closely related sister taxon. Based upon the sequence variation between species, we present a simple molecular assay to rapidly and unambiguously distinguish E. formosa and E. luteola.

Received: September 20, 1999; Accepted: January 26, 2000

Keywords: Bemisia, Encarsia, biological control, genetic markers, 28S rDNA



References

Benuzzi, M., G. Nicoli, and G. Manzaroli. Biological control of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.) by Encarsia formosa Gahan on poinsettia. SRPO/WPRS Bull 27–31.13.1990.
Campbell, B., J. D. Stephan-Campbell, and J. H. Werren. Phylogeny of the Nasonia species complex (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) inferred from an internal transcribed specer ITS2 and 28S rDNA sequences. Insect Mol. Bio 225–237.2.1993. CrossRef, PubMed, CSA
Campbell, B., J. Heraty, J.-Y. Rasplus, K. Chan, J. Steffan-Campbell, and C. Babcock. 2000. Molecular systematics of the Chalcidoidea using 28S-rDNA. In A. Austin and M. Dowton [eds.], The Hymenoptera: morphology, evolution and biological control. (in press).
Gai, Y., R. Xu, J. C. van Lenteren, and R. Stouthamer. 2000. Lack of detectable genetic differences between behaviorally different strains of the parthenogenetic parasitoid Encarsia formosa. BioControl (in press).
Gerling, D. and T. Rivnay. A new species of Encarsia (Hym.: Aphelinidae) parasitising Bemisia tabaci (Hom.: Aleyrodidae). Entomophaga 439–444.29.1984.
Hayat, M. Aphelinidae of India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): a taxonomic revision, vol. 13. Memoirs on Entomology. 1998. International Association of Publishers Gainesville, FL.
Heinz, K. M. and M. P. Parrella. Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Koltz.) cultivar-mediated differences in performance of five natural enemies of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, n. sp. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Biol. Control 305–318.4.1994. CrossRef
Henter, H. J. and J. C. van Lenteren. Variation between laboratory populations in the performance of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa on two host species, Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Entomol. Exp. Appl 427–434.80.1996. CrossRef, CSA
Henter, H. J., K. Brasch, and J. C. van Lenteren. Variation between laboratory populations of Encarsia formosa in their parasitization behavior on the host Bemisia tabaci. Entomol. Exp. Appl 435–441.80.1996. CrossRef, CSA
Hoddle, M. S. and R. Van Driesche. Evaluation of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to control Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)a lifetable analysis. Fl. Entomol 1–12.79.1996. CrossRef, CSA
Hoddle, M. S., R. Van Driesche, and J. Sanderson. Biological control of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia with inundative releases of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)are higher release rates necessarily better? Biol. Control 166–179.10.1997. CrossRef
Hoddle, M. S., R. G. Van Driesche, and J. P. Sanderson. Biological control of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia with inundative releases of Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)Can parasitoid reproduction augment inundative releases? J. Econ. Entomol 910–924.90.1997. CSA
Huang, J. and A. Polaszek. A revision of the Chinese species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)parasitoids of whiteflies, scale insects and aphids (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae, Diaspididae, Aphidoidea). J. Nat. Hist 1825–1966.32.1998.
Landa, Z., L. Osborne, F. Lopez, and J. Eyal. A bioassay for determining pathogenicity of entomogenous fungi on whiteflies. Biol. Control 341–350.4.1994. CrossRef
van Lenteren, J. C. and J. Woets. Biological and integrated control in greenhouses. Annu. Rev. Entomol 239–269.33.1988. CrossRef
van Lenteren, J. C., H. J. W. Roermund, and S. Sutterlin. Biological control of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) with the parasitoid Encarsia formosahow does it work? Biol. Control 1–10.6.1996. CrossRef
van Lenteren, J. C., Y. C. Drost, H. J. W. van Roermund, and C. J. A. M. Posthuma-Doodeman. Aphelinid parasitoids as sustainable biological control agents in greenhouses. J. Appl. Entomol 473–485.121.1997. CSA
Nemec, V. and P. Stary. Population diversity of Encarsia formosa, a biocontrol agent in glasshouses (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Entomol. Gen 231–236.9.1984.
Parrella, M. P., T. D. Paine, J. A. Benthke, K. L. Robb, and J. Hall. Evaluation of Encarsia formosa for biological control of sweetpotato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia. Environ. Entomol 713–719.20.1991. CSA
Polaszek, A. P., G. A. Evans, and F. D. Bennett. Encarsia parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, HomopteraAleyrodidae): a preliminary guide to identification. Bull. Entomol. Res 375–392.82.1992. CSA
Riley, D. G. and M. A. Ciomperlik. Regional population dynamics of whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and associated parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am 1049–1055.26.1997.
Rivnay, T. and D. Gerling. Aphelinidae parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Israel, with description of three new species. Entomophaga 463–475.32.1987.
Schauff, M. E., G. A. Evans, and J. M. Heraty. A pictorial guide to the species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitic on whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in North America. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash 1–35.98.1996.
Toscano, N. C., S. J. Castle, T. J. Henneberry, and N. P. Castle. Persistent silverleaf whitefly exploits desert crop systems. Calif. Agric 29–33.52.21998.
Zchori-Fein, E., R. R. Roush, and M. S. Hunter. Male production induced by antibiotic treatment in Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an asexual species. Experientia 102–105.48.1992. CrossRef

Fig. 1. E. formosa: (a) antenna, (b) funicular segments I and II. E. luteola: (c) antenna, (d) funicular segments I and II. Arrow indicates diagnostic multiporous plate sensillum. Scale bar = 20 μm

Fig. 2. E. formosa: (a) dorsal view of mesosoma, (b) dorsal view of axilla, (c) dorsal view of scutellum. E. luteola: (d) dorsal view of mesosoma, (e) dorsal view of axilla, (f) dorsal view of scutellum. Lines indicate axis with diagnostic number of cells

Fig. 3. Single most-parsimonious tree based on 43 parsimony-informative characters in the 28S-D2 gene region (PAUP 4.0b2a). Tree length = 130; CI = 0.923; RI = 0.875; tree stable to successive weighting. Bootstrap and jackknife values are shown above and below the branches, respectively

Fig. 4. Partial alignments of sequenced D2 region of 28S rDNA. Dots (.) indicate sequence identity compared with E. luteola D144. Recognition sites for restriction enzymes PvuI and SalI are shaded. Point mutations rendering recognition sites inactive are shown in bold

Fig. 5. Restriction digests of amplified 28S-D2 region. Left panel: PvuI digests. Right panel: SalI digests. In each panel: lanes M, 100bp DNA Ladder (GibcoBRL); lanes 1–2, E. luteola D144 and D243, respectively; lanes 3–8, E. formosa D131, D143, D230, D231, D240, D241, respectively. Arrowheads indicate doublet formed by 341 and 293 bp fragments

table

Table 1. Sequence diversity within and between species of Encarsia and the sister genus Encarsiiella measured as heterozygosity per nucleotide site

Cited by

Qiao Wang, Jocelyn G. Millar, Darcy A. Reed, Jason L. Mottern, John M. Heraty, Serguei V. Triapitsyn, Timothy D. Paine, Xiong Z. He. (2008) Development of a Strategy for Selective Collection of a Parasitoid Attacking One Member of a Large Herbivore Guild. Journal of Economic Entomology 101:6, 1771-1778
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008.

Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (116 KB) 

James B. Whitfield, Karl M. Kjer. (2008) Ancient Rapid Radiations of Insects: Challenges for Phylogenetic Analysis. Annual Review of Entomology 53:1, 449-472
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008.
CrossRef
Xin Zhou, Karl M. Kjer, John C. Morse. (2007) Associating larvae and adults of Chinese Hydropsychidae caddisflies (Insecta:Trichoptera) using DNA sequences. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26:4, 719-742
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2007.

Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (279 KB) 

Matthew L. Buffington, Johan A. A. Nylander, John M. Heraty. (2007) The phylogeny and evolution of Figitidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). Cladistics 23:5, 403-431
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2007.
CrossRef
T. D. Gariepy, U. Kuhlmann, C. Gillott, M. Erlandson. (2007) Parasitoids, predators and PCR: the use of diagnostic molecular markers in biological control of Arthropods. Journal of Applied Entomology 131:4, 225-240
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2007.
CrossRef
ALBERT K. OWEN, JEREMIAH GEORGE, JOHN D. PINTO, JOHN M. HERATY. (2007) A molecular phylogeny of the Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with an evaluation of the utility of their male genitalia for higher level classification. Systematic Entomology 32:2, 227-251
Online publication date: 1-May-2007.
CrossRef
Andrew B. T. Smith, David C. Hawks, John M. Heraty. (2006) An Overview of the Classification and Evolution of the Major Scarab Beetle Clades (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) Based on Preliminary Molecular Analyses. The Coleopterists Bulletin 60:sp5, 35-46
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2006.

Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (190 KB) 

M.M. Monti, A.G. Nappo, M. Giorgini. (2005) Molecular characterization of closely related species in the parasitic genus Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. Bulletin of Entomological Research 95:05,
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2005.
CrossRef
MAARIA KANKARE, CONSTANTI STEFANESCU, SASKYA VAN NOUHUYS, MARK R. SHAW. (2005) Host specialization by Cotesia wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing species-rich Melitaeini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) communities in north-eastern Spain. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 86:1, 45-65
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2005.
CrossRef
Maaria Kankare, Saskya Van Nouhuys, Ilkka Hanski. (2005) Genetic Divergence Among Host-Specific Cryptic Species in Cotesia melitaearum Aggregate (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Parasitoids of Checkerspot Butterflies. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 98:3, 382-394
Online publication date: 1-May-2005.

Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (428 KB) : PDF Plus (227 KB) 

Andrew Polaszek, Shahab Manzari, Donald L. J. Quicke. (2004) Morphological and molecular taxonomic analysis of the Encarsia meritoria species-complex (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) of economic importance. Zoologica Scripta 33:5, 403-421
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2004.
CrossRef
John A. Goolsby, Alan A. Kirk, Dale E. Meyerdirk. (2002) SEASONAL PHENOLOGY AND NATURAL ENEMIES OF MACONELLICOCCUS HIRSUTUS (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA. Florida Entomologist 85:3, 494-498
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2002.

Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (160 KB) 

S. Schmidt, I.D. Naumann, P.J. De Barro. (2001) Encarsia species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of Australia and the Pacific Islands attacking Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) – a pictorial key and descriptions of four new species. Bulletin of Entomological Research 91:05,
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2001.
CrossRef
click this button to close

Article Views

Article Tools

click this button to open

Citing Articles

 
BioOne is the product of innovative collaboration between scientific societies, libraries, academe and the private sector.
 
21 Dupont Circle NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036 • Phone 202.296.2296 • Fax 202.872.0884
 
Copyright © 2009 BioOne All rights reserved