Lectotype

AMNH 456262, adult male, collected at Dresden, 51.03N, 13.45E (Times Atlas), Germany, on 26 June 1835. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Brehm mentioned five specimens. The first, a male, collected on 26 June 1835 at Dresden, is the specimen that Hartert (1918: 15) listed as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. It was labeled altirostris by Brehm. Three additional Brehm specimens were cataloged as altirostris at AMNH and were exchanged to ZFMK; they may be paralectotypes if they are labeled altirostris by Brehm.

Miliaria crassirostris Brehm

Miliaria crassirostris Brehm, 1841: cols. 56, 57 (Mecklenburg).

Now Emberiza calandra calandra Linnaeus, 1758. See Hartert, 1918: 15, and Dickinson, 2003: 777.

Lectotype

AMNH 456256, adult male, collected at Lübz, 53.28N, 12.03E (Times Atlas), Mecklenburg, Germany, on 5 May 1831, by H. Zander. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Brehm mentioned five specimens of crassirostris in his collection. The first was a male sent him by H. Zander from Mecklenburg, 5 May 1831, and is the specimen Hartert (1918: 15) listed as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. It was labeled crassirostris by Brehm. Four additional Brehm specimens cataloged as crassirostris came to AMNH and were exchanged to ZFMK; they may be paralectotypes.

Miliaria meridionalis Brehm

Miliaria meridionalis Brehm, 1831: 1007 (Dalmatien).

Now Emberiza calandra calandra Linnaeus, 1758. See Hartert, 1918: 16, Vaurie, 1956b: 1–3, and Dickinson, 2003: 777.

Lectotype

AMNH 456279, male, collected in Dalmatia, Croatia, in January 1824. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

The above specimen was labeled meridionalis by Brehm, and Hartert's (1918: 15) listing it as the type designated it the lectotype. Paralectotype: AMNH 456280, female, Dalmatia, September 1824, labeled meridionalis by Brehm.

Miliaria septentrionalis Brehm

Miliaria septentrionalis Brehm, 1831: 291 (Schweden und Rügen).

Now Emberiza calandra calandra Linnaeus, 1758. See Hartert, 1918: 16, Vaurie, 1956b: 1–3, and Dickinson, 2003: 777.

Lectotype

AMNH 456269, adult male, collected on Rügen Island, Germany, on 19 July 1819.

Comments

Hartert (1918: 16) noted that the above specimen was probably collected by Schilling, “like most Rügen specimens in the [Brehm] collection” and by listing it as the type, designated it the lectotype. Hartert (1918: 16) also called attention to the fact that both Sweden and Rügen were localities mentioned in the original description, but that there were no Swedish specimens in the collection. Specimens from Brinnis and Mecklenburg noted by Hartert (1918: 16) as having been collected after the 1831 description of septentrionalis, were all exchanged by AMNH to ZFMK.

Miliaria valida Brehm

Miliaria valida Brehm, 1841: cols. 55, 56 (Orlthal, Roda R.).

Now Emberiza calandra calandra Linnaeus, 1758. See Hartert, 1918: 15, and Dickinson, 2003: 777.

Lectotype

AMNH 456241, adult male, collected in the Orla Valley ( =  Orl[a]thal), Germany, on 10 January 1820. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Brehm mentioned a male specimen collected in a hard winter in “Orlthal”; Hartert (1918: 15), by listing the above specimen as the type of Miliaria valida, designated it the lectotype. There are five additional specimens collected before the publication of the name and cataloged as valida at AMNH. One of these, AMNH 456242, a male collected on 20 December 1819 at Renthendorf in the Roda Valley and labeled valida by Brehm, is a paralectotype. Another, AMNH 456244, a juvenile female collected 9 July 1838 at Lübz, is labeled minor by Brehm and is not considered a paralectotype. The other three specimens, AMNH 456243, 456245, and 456246, were exchanged to ZFMK and may be paralectotypes.

[Emberiza erythrogenys Brehm]

Hartert (1918: 16) was unable to fix a type of E. erythrogenys Brehm (1855: 414) from near Sarepta, nor was I able to find a possible type in AMNH.

Emberiza cia par Hartert

Emberiza cia par Hartert, 1904: 184 (Gudan, Transkaspien).

Now Emberiza cia par Hartert, 1904. See Dickinson, 2003: 777.

Holotype

AMNH 716641, adult male, collected at Gaudan ( =  Gudan), Turkmenistan, on 13 May 1892, by N. Zarudny ( =  Sarudny). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert designated as type specimen number 1767, bearing the above data. The following specimens from the Rothschild Collection are considered paratypes: AMNH 716636–716640, collected in Transcaspia in January 1900 by Schlüter; AMNH 716643–716645, collected in Issik-Kul, Turkestan, in February and March 1901 by Tancre; and AMNH 716648, collected in Punja Maklan, Afghanistan in April 1874, collector unknown. Other specimens were either collected after par was described or had incomplete data. Hartert (1904: 184) also noted that the form perhaps occurred in northern India in winter, but because he expessed doubt concerning its inclusion, I have not considered AMNH 716649 collected at Simla, India, on 17 November 1880 by Elwes a paratype (ICZN, 1999: 76, Art. 72.4.1). I was able to determine from Rothschild's partial list of purchases that he was buying specimens from Schlüter between 1899 and 1902 and that he purchased Tancre's Issik-Kul collection on 1 January 1903; therefore material from these collectors would have been available to Hartert.

Seltzer (1962: 666) identified Gaudan as a station on the Iran border, 20 mi south of Ashgabat ( =  Ashkhabad), 37.58N, 58.24E (Times Atlas).

Emberiza cia omissa Rothschild

Emberiza cia omissa Rothschild, 1921: 60 (Si Taipaishan, Tsin-ling Mountains).

Now Emberiza godlewskii omissa Rothschild, 1921. See Hartert, 1928: 197, LeCroy and Dickinson, 2001: 188, 189, and Dickinson, 2003: 777.

Holotype

AMNH 716683, female, collected at Si, Taipai Shan ( =  Taipaishang, as on label), Tsinling Mountains, China, on 2 November 1905, by Owston's Japanese collectors (O.C. no. 83). “No. 1791 Tring Mus.” is written on the Owston label, apparently by Rothschild. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Rothschild gave the number of the holotype as “No. 1791, Tring Museum” and the collecting locality as Si Taipaishan, Tsin-ling Mountains. AMNH 716683 is the only specimen to have this number added. There are eight paratypes: AMNH 716676–716682 and AMNH 716684, four males and four females, collected at the type locality between 22 July and 2 November 1905 by Owston's Japanese Collectors; all bear the O.C. number 83.

Emberiza cioides weigoldi Jacobi

Emberiza cioides weigoldi Jacobi, 1923: 36 (Peking, 30 km N von Balihanden).

Now Emberiza cioides weigoldi Jacobi, 1923. See Vaurie, 1956b: 19–20, Dickinson, 2003: 777.

Syntype

AMNH 716699, female, collected at Pei-ching ( =  Peking), 39.55N, 116.25E (Times Atlas), China, on 8 March 1916, by H. Weigold on the Stötzner Expedition. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Jacobi said that he had three male and seven female specimens from Pei-ching and 30 km N from Balihanden, collected between 15 January and 29 April. The above specimen bears the original label, which is marked “Cotypus,” a Rothschild Collection label, and an AMNH type label. It was not listed as a type by Hartert; however, because Jacobi did not designate a type in the original description, it is a syntype of weigoldi. Eck and Quaisser (2004: 310) listed four syntypes of weigoldi that had been in SNSD, but were destroyed in World War II. The above specimen is a fifth syntype of the original ten.

Emberiza cioides vagans La Touche

Emberiza cioides vagans La Touche, 1927: 360 (Mouth of Sidemi, Amur Bay and Mid-Ussuri, Siberia).

Now Emberiza cioides weigoldi Jacobi, 1923. See Meise, 1938: 245–246, Vaurie, 1956b: 19–20, and Dickinson, 2003: 777.

Syntypes

AMNH 716711, adult male, collected at the Mouth of Sidemi, Amur Bay, Siberia, on 4 March 1884; and AMNH 716715, female, collected on the middle Ussuri River, Siberia, on 13 April 1882, both collected by the Dörries brothers. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Only AMNH 716715 had been included in the AMNH type collection; however, it is clear from the original description that LaTouche intended to designate both a male and a female as types and both are so labeled by him. The male, AMNH 716711, has been added to the type collection. They were not included in Hartert's (1928) list of types in the Rothschild Collection.

LaTouche listed four specimens of vagans in his collection, and a series of wintering birds from the Taipai Shan, Shensi, in the Rothschild Collection. These latter are marked “Co-type” by LaTouche, but because syntypes were designated in the original description, the other specimens listed are excluded from the type series (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.6).

There are other specimens in AMNH collected by the Dörries brothers in Siberia, but they were apparently not seen by LaTouche, as they are not marked “Co-type.”

Emberiza antiquorum Brehm

Emberiza antiquorum Brehm, 1831: 297 (Italien).

Now Emberiza hortulana Linnaeus, 1758. See Hartert, 1918: 16, Vaurie, 1956b: 10–11, and Dickinson, 2003: 778.

Lectotype

AMNH 456112, adult male, collected in Italy, in spring. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert (1918: 16) listed this specimen as the type of Emberiza antiquorum Brehm, thereby designating it the lectotype. It is labeled antiquorum by Brehm. A second specimen labeled antiquorum by Brehm is from Dalmatia and undated. It is not considered a paralectotype, as Italy was the only locality given in the original description.

Fringillaria insularis Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes

Fringillaria insularis Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes, 1899: 2 (sea level to 3500 feet, Socotra).

Now Emberiza tahapisi tahapisi A. Smith, 1836. See Dickinson, 2003: 778, Fry and Keith, 2004: 574–577, and Kirwan, 2007: 143–144.

Syntypes

Collected on Hadibu Plain, ca. 12.36N, 53.59E (Times Atlas), Socotra, Yemen: AMNH 716956, adult male, on 13 December 1898; AMNH 716957, adult male, on 15 December 1898; AMNH 716958, adult male, on 15 December 1898. Collected at Adho Dimello ( =  Adho Dimellus), 3500 ft, 12.33N, 54.03E (G.M. Kirwan, personal commun.), Socotra, Yemen, AMNH 716959, immature male, on 6 February 1899; AMNH 716960, female, on 15 February 1899, on the joint Liverpool Museum and British Museum expedition to Socotra (field nos. 136, 151, 150, 394, and 440, respectively). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes described both male and female in the original description but did not designate a type or say how many specimens they collected, only noting that insularis occurred from sea level to 3500 ft. Later, Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes (1903: pl. 3, fig. 2) illustrated it, but again did not give the number of specimens. Warren and Harrison (1971: 262) reported that the authors' selected male and female syntypes and other syntypes were in BMNH. The above specimens are also syntypes. Dickinson (2003: 778) and Fry and Keith (2004: 574–577) recognized E. t. insularis, but the recent study by Kirwan (2007) did not support recognition of insularis.

Fringillaria socotrana Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes

Fringillaria socotrana Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes, 1899:2 (3500–4500 feet, Adho Dimellus, Socotra).

Now Emberiza socotrana (Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes, 1899). See Dickinson, 2003: 778, Fry and Keith, 2004: 580–581.

Syntype

AMNH 716975, adult male, collected at Adho Dimello ( =  Adho Dimellus), 3500 ft, 12.33N, 54.03E (G. Kirwan, personal commun.), Socotra, Yemen, on 10 February 1899, on the joint Liverpool Museum and British Museum expedition to Socotra. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, characters were given for both male and female, but no type was designated and the number of specimens was not indicated. Warren and Harrison (1971: 516) noted that a male and a female syntype were present in BMNH, the male syntype collected on 6 February 1899. Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes (1903: 32–33), reporting more fully on the expedition, listed five specimens of socotrana collected on the expedition. The male collected on 10 February 1899 is the syntype listed above and is the single specimen in AMNH from the expedition. It had not previously been recognized as a syntype. The species is illustrated in Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes (1903: pl. 3, fig. 1).

Fringillaria Forbesi Hartlaub

Fringillaria Forbesi Hartlaub, 1882a (June): 92 (Langomeri).

Now Emberiza affinis affinis Heuglin, 1867. See Hartert, 1928: 197, Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993: 379, and Fry and Keith, 2004: 572–574.

Holotype

AMNH 715683, adult male, collected at Langomeri, 03.47N, 30.45E (Chapin, 1954), Sudan, on 18 August 1881, by Emin Pasha ( =  Emin Bey, no. 11). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

The brief original description by Hartlaub gave no information on the sex or number of specimens examined; one set of measurements was given and no type was designated. AMNH 715683 is the only Emin specimen of this form in AMNH. It bears four labels: (1) the original Emin label with the data cited above, his notes on the reverse and a blue “533,” significance unknown, and “Fring. Forbesi, n.” in a different hand; (2) part of a card printed “Mus. W. Rothschild” marked “Emin coll.” and “(Typus der E. Forbesi)” and “Or.siche. J.O. 1882” (apparently referring to both Ornithologische Centralblatt and Journal für Ornithologie), with the reverse annotated “Fringillaria Forbesi, Hart, ♂, Langomeri”; (3) a blank Rothschild Museum label; (4) a Rothschild type label, with reference to the description given as “J.O. 1882 p. 324.”

This description is often cited as “Journal für Ornithologie, 1882 (July), 30: 324” as was done on the Rothschild type label. However, the earlier description (Hartlaub, 1882a: 211) is referred to there, and must have been published first. The Ornithologisches Centralblatt was a dated bulletin published soon after the meetings of the Deutsche Ornithologische Gesellschaft zu Berlin and often before the next issue of Journal für Ornithologie appeared. The reference to the description is correctly given by Paynter (1970b: 25).

Information about forbesi is expanded by Hartlaub (1882b: 324–326), where both male and female are described and where he (Hartlaub, 1882b: 325) noted that both of the specimens were from Langomeri, although he had some doubt that both belonged to the same species, as the female was larger than the male. Later, Hartlaub (1882c: 204–205, November) had become convinced that they represented the same form, and he repeated his description of the female.

Comparing measurements given of the single bird in the original description [total length, not given; wing, 72 mm; tail, 55; tarsus, 19] with measurements given for the two birds by Hartlaub (1882b: 325) [total length, ♂, 150 mm, ♀, 162; wing, ♂, 72, ♀, 72; tail, ♂, 54, ♀, 67; tarsus, ♂, 18, ♀, 20], it is apparent from the tail length that it was the male specimen that was described. My measurements of this male holotype agree closely with those of Hartlaub, except in total length: total length, 140 mm, wing, 73, tail, 54.5, tarsus, 19. It is the specimen listed as the type by Hartert (1928: 197).

Emberiza affinis omoensis Neumann

Emberiza affinis omoensis Neumann, 1905: 358 (Schetie in Koscha).

Now Emberiza affinis omoensis Neumann, 1905. See Hartert, 1919: 162, White, 1963: 97, Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993: 379, and Fry and Keith, 2004: 572–574.

Holotype

AMNH 715690, adult male, collected at Schetie in Koscha, Ethiopia, on 28 February 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 934). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Neumann designated as the type his specimen no. 934 and listed three additional specimens. The three paratypes are: AMNH 715691 (Neumann no. 1209), male, Pokodj am Gelo, 11 May 1901; AMNH 715692 (un-numbered), male, Gelo, April–May 1901; AMNH 715693 (474), female, Tomato in Gudji, östlich des Abaya-Sees, 24 December 1900.

I was unable to find the exact location of Schetie, but based on Neumann's (1902) map and his itinerary (Neumann, 1904:323), it appears that he crossed the Omo River in the vicinity of Singe (06.22N, 36.19E, Times Atlas) and that Koscha is the area just north of the Omo.

Emberiza Alleonis Vian

Emberiza Alleonis Vian, 1869: 97, 102–103 (Dahourie).

Now Emberiza pallasi pallasi (Cabanis, 1851). See Hartert, 1919: 161, and Dickinson, 2003: 780.

Syntype

AMNH 715309, female, collected in Dauria ( =  Dahourie), in 1868, from Madam Verdey. From the Riocour Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Vian did not designate a type, but said that he had five specimens: one male in breeding plumage, two males completing molt, and two females in summer plumage, all collected in October 1868. The adult male and one of the females were said to be in the Riocour Collection, one of the two males completing molt in the Count Boubers Collection, and the other male completing molt and one of the females in the Vian Collection. Hartert (1904: 194) listed E. alleonis as a synonym of E. pallasi. Later, he (Hartert, 1919: 161) gave more information on this syntype, which he listed as the type of the female, noting: “This specimen is marked ‘Type’ on the label under the stand in the Riocour Collection…. The type of the male, which was also in the Riocour Collection, appears to be lost. It is not in the [Rothschild Collection], where the greater part of the Riocour Collection seems to be now. It was bought from Boucard in 1890, after Sharpe had selected 148 specimens, among which were a number of types, and it is not among the latter.” Warren and Harrison (1971) do not list it as now being in BMNH, either. See Sharpe (1906: 315) for a fascinating account of his visit to the Riocour Chateau to select the specimens for BMNH.

The Riocour label is now attached to AMNH 715309, and while not mentioned by Vian, it is labeled as having come from Madam Verdey, with only the year “1868” recorded. There are two additional female specimens of this form from Dauria at AMNH, one dated 16/5, with no year, and one dated 5/5/80, after the description of alleonis was published; they are not part of the type series. Neither bears Madam Verdey's name.

Cynchramus pseudo-pyrrhuloides Brehm

Cynchramus pseudo-pyrrhuloides Brehm, 1855: 115 (Triest).

Now Emberiza schoeniclus schoeniclus (Linnaeus, 1758). See Hartert, 1918: 17, Vaurie, 1956a, and Dickinson, 2003: 780.

Lectotype

AMNH 456164, adult male, collected at Trieste, 45.39N, 13.47E (Times Atlas), Italy, on 19 October 1829. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Brehm said that this form lived at Trieste but gave no indication of how many specimens he examined. Hartert (1918: 17) listed the male, labeled pseudo-pyrrhuloides by Brehm and collected at Trieste on 19 October 1829 as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. There are two paralectotypes in AMNH, both collected at Trieste and labeled pseudo-pyrrhuloides by Brehm: AMNH 456165, male, 10 October 1829, and AMNH 456166, female, 19 October 1829.

Cynchramus septentrionalis Brehm

Emberiza schoeniclus steinbacheri Dementiev

Cynchramus septentrionalis Brehm, 1831: 302 (Er bewohnt das nördliche Europa, kommt in beiden Geschlechtern regelmässig nach Dänemark, im männlichen höchst selten nach Mitteldeutschland).

Emberiza schoeniclus steinbacheri Dementiev, 1937: 86, nomen novum.

Now Emberiza schoeniclus schoeniclus (Linnaeus, 1758). See Hartert, 1918: 16, Vaurie, 1956a, and Dickinson, 2003: 780.

Holotype

AMNH 456197, adult male, collected in Denmark, on 20 April 1820. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

As Hartert (1918: 16) noted, this was the only Brehm specimen in the Rothschild Collection collected before the description of septentrionalis, “and therefore it must be the type.” If other specimens should be found, then Hartert by his action, designated AMNH 456197 the lectotype of Cynchramus septentrionalis.

Dementiev (1937: 86–87) provided the replacement name, Emberiza schoeniclus steinbacheri, for Cynchramus septentrionalis Brehm, preoccupied by Emberiza septentrionalis Brehm (1831: 295), a synonym of Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus, 1758 (Vaurie, 1959: 699). Dementiev (1937: 87) provided a new type for steinbacheri; however, because it is a replacement name for Brehm's C. septentrionalis, it shares the same type (ICZN, 1999: 78, Art. 72.7), and Dementiev's type is invalid.

Emberiza schoeniclus pallidior Hartert

Emberiza schoeniclus pallidior Hartert, 1904: 197 (Aiderli in Turkestan).

Now Emberiza schoeniclus pallidior Hartert, 1904. See Vaurie, 1956a: 7, and Dickinson, 2003: 780.

Holotype

AMNH 715254, adult male, collected at Aiderli, Turkestan, on 11 November 1899 (Russian date, according to Hartert, 1919: 161), by Zarudny (no. 1298). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert cited the Zarudny number of the type. There are 17 paratypes of pallidior in AMNH: AMNH 715255–715271, seven males, seven females, and three unsexed, from Vernyi, Ilyisk, and the Djarkent River, Turkestan, collected in February, September, October, and November 1899, and March 1900, by Zarudny. A number of other Turkestan specimens by other collectors are undated and are not considered paratypes. Other localities were mentioned in the original description.

Cynchramus canneti Brehm

Cynchramus canneti Brehm, 1855: 115 (Dalmatien).

Now Emberiza schoeniclus intermedia Degland, 1849. See Hartert, 1918: 16, Paynter, 1970b: 35, and Dickinson, 2003: 780.

Lectotype

AMNH 456231, female (“hahnfedrig”), collected in Dalmatia, Croatia, on 8 July 1829, perhaps by Michahelles (Hartert, 1918: 16). From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Brehm referred to Michahelles' manuscript name, Emberiza intermedia, not realizing that Degland had already formally introduced Michahelles' name in 1849. Hartert (1918: 16) listed the female collected on 8 July 1829 as the type of canneti, thereby designating it the lectotype. Brehm made no mention of the number of specimens he had, but a second specimen from Dalmatia is in AMNH and is labeled canneti by Brehm. It is a paralectotype: AMNH 456195, juvenile male, collected in Dalmatia on 30 June 1830. Five additional specimens from other localities, cataloged as canneti, were exchanged to ZFMK; but none was cataloged as from Dalmatia.

Cynchramus arundinaceus Brehm

Cynchramus arundinaceus Brehm, 1831: 1012 (Triest).

Now Emberiza schoeniclus intermedia Degland, 1849. See Hartert, 1918: 17, Paynter, 1970b: 35, and Dickinson, 2003: 780.

Lectotype

AMNH 456237, adult male, collected at Trieste, 45.39N, 13.47E (Times Atlas), Italy, on 3 October 1829. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Brehm credited Michahelles and Brehm for this name, and the name Emberiza intermedia Michahelles is included in parentheses on Brehm's label. Hartert (1918: 17) listed the Brehm specimen collected on 3 October 1829 as the type of arundinaceus, thereby designating it the lectotype, and commented that the specimen was collected by Michahelles. Michahelles' manuscript name, intermedius, was introduced by Degland in 1849 (Paynter, 1970b: 35), long after C. arundinaceus was introduced by Brehm, and years before Brehm's name, C. canneti was introduced. As Hartert (1918: 17) pointed out, arundinaceus Brehm (nec arundinacea Gmelin, 1774: 195) was preoccupied. Brehm's name, as a homonym of Gmelin's name, needs a replacement name, for which intermedia Degland is available.

Three additional specimens cataloged at AMNH as arundinaceus were not so labeled by Brehm; they were collected at Pisa, a locality not mentioned by Brehm.

Emberiza pyrrhuloides reiseri Hartert

Emberiza pyrrhuloides reiseri Hartert, 1904: 199 (Lamia, Thessalien).

Now Emberiza schoeniclus reiseri Hartert, 1904. See Vaurie, 1959: 704, and Dickinson, 2003: 780.

Holotype

AMNH 715064, male, collected at Lamia, 38.55N, 22.26E (Times Atlas), Greece, on 4 December 1901. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert gave the above data for the holotype and added the number 10009, which appears on the original label and may have been added by Hartert himself. Specimens in the Rothschild Collection were not cataloged, but occasionally Hartert would add a number, often a permutation of the date of collection, so that the type was uniquely identified.

There are three paratypes in AMNH: AMNH 715065, male, 6 December 1901; AMNH 715066, female, 8 February 1903, Strimeneas coll.; AMNH 715067, female, 23 January 1903, Strimeneas coll., all collected at Lamia, Greece. It is probable that all of the specimens came from the Strimeneas collection. There is another specimen of this form, AMNH 715242, from Lamia, labeled Emb. tschusii tschusii by Hartert and thus not part of his type series of reiseri; its label and handwriting exactly match that on the holotype and AMNH 715065. Unfortunately, the locality had been mistranscribed on the Rothschild label as Lermier, Greece.

Plectrophanes McCownii Lawrence

Plectrophanes McCownii Lawrence, 1851b: 122 (high prairies of Western Texas).

Now Calcarius mccownii (Lawrence, 1851). See Hellmayr, 1938: 639, With, 1994, and Dickinson, 2003: 780.

Syntypes

AMNH 41711 and AMNH 41712, both unsexed, collected, according to Lawrence, on the high prairies of western Texas, undated, by J.P. McCown. From the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Lawrence said: “Two specimens were obtained by Capt. McCown on the high prairies of Western Texas. When killed, they were feeding in company with Shore Larks. Although procured late in the spring, they still appear to be in their winter dress….” No type was designated, although AMNH 41711 is labeled “Type” by Lawrence and annotated “Presented by Capt. J.P. McCown, Brownsville, March.” AMNH 41712 is the second specimen mentioned by Lawrence.

Notes on birds he collected in Texas were published by McCown (1853: 14) but gave no further information on this species.

Plectrophanes groenlandicus Brehm

[Emberiza subcalcarata Brehm]

Plectrophanes groenlandicus Brehm, 1831: 307 (Grönland)

Now Calcarius lapponicus subcalcaratus (Brehm, 1826). See Hartert, 1918: 17, Salomonsen, 1931b: 112–113, Vaurie, 1956b: 24–25, and Dickinson, 2003: 780.

Lectotype

AMNH 456317, adult male, collected in Greenland, in June 1821. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert (1918: 17) listed the adult male Brehm specimen collected in Greenland in June 1821 as the type of Plectrophanes groenlandicus, thereby designating it the lectotype. He (Hartert, 1918: 17) further stated that, while no Brehm specimen in the Rothschild Collection was labeled subcalcarata by Brehm, he thought that this specimen from Greenland probably should be considered the type of subcalcarata as well. While this is perhaps true, the type of subcalcarata may well turn up in another collection. There is one paralectotype of groenlandicus in AMNH: AMNH 456316, female, collected in Greenland in June 1821. AMNH 456315 is also perhaps a paralectotype, but it bears no date.

Emberiza subnivalis Brehm

Plectrophanes borealis Brehm

Emberiza subnivalis Brehm, 1826: col. 929 (Grönland, scheint dem islänischen sehr ähnlich).

Plectrophanes borealis Brehm, 1831: 305 ( Grönland, wahrscheinlich auch Island).

Now Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus, 1758). See Hartert, 1918: 17, Salomonsen, 1931a: 57–58, Vaurie, 1956b: 25, and Dickinson, 2003: 781.

Lectotype of both names

AMNH 456311, adult male, collected in Greenland, on 15 June 1822. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description of subnivalis, Brehm said: “Ein Männchen im Herbstkleide aus Island stimmt mit den 3 grönländlichen meiner Sammlung vollformen überein….” In this case, Hartert (1918: 17, footnote) expressed no doubt that this one male specimen collected on 15 June 1822 was the type of both E. subnivalis and Plectrophanes borealis, thereby designating it the lectotype of both names.

There are two paralectotypes in AMNH: AMNH 456312, female, Greenland, 30 October 1822; and AMNH 456314, adult male, Iceland, 20 September 1823. This specimen from Iceland is from the range of P. nivalis insulae Salomonsen, 1931. AMNH 456313, female from Greenland, may be the third Greenland specimen and a paralectotype, but the Brehm label is missing and there is no date on the Rothschild label.

Melospiza fasciata ingersolli McGregor

Melospiza fasciata ingersolli McGregor, 1899a: 35 (Battle Creek, California).

Now Melospiza melodia merrilli Brewster, 1896. See Hellmayr, 1938: 599, Byers et al., 1995: 229–233, Arcese et al., 2002, Dickinson, 2003: 781, and Pruett and Winker (2010).

Holotype

AMNH 405733, adult male, collected at Battle Creek, California, on 19 October 1898, by R.C. McGregor (no. 2222). From the Dwight Collection (no. 39211).

Comments

McGregor cited his unique number of the holotype in the original description and noted that he had six specimens, four (including the type) from Battle Creek, one from Enterprise, CA, and one from St. Helena, CA. The following are his five paratypes: AMNH 405734 (Dwight no. 39160, McGregor no. 2234), male, Battle Creek, 26 October 1898, “intermediate nearer ingersolli”; AMNH 405754 (39212, –), male, Battle Creek, 13 October 1898, marked “co-type” and “examined by R[obert] R[idgway]”; AMNH 405755 (39214, 2221), male, Battle Creek, 16 October 1898, marked “co-type”; AMNH 405758 (39221, 1345), female, St. Helena, 22 December 1897, all collected by McGregor; and AMNH 405765 (39222, 1564), male, Enterprise, 15 October 1896, by G.F. Breminger, the latter two specimens now identified as M. m. morphna.

There are many places in California named Battle Creek. McGregor said that his collecting locality was 2 mi from the Sacramento River, the nearest post office being Balls Ferry, Shasta County. Ball's Ferry on the Sacramento River is ca. 40.30N, 122.18W.

Melospiza sanaka McGregor

Melospiza sanaka McGregor, 1901[ = 1900]: 8 (Sanak Island, Alaska).

Now Melospiza melodia sanaka McGregor, 1900. See Hellmayr, 1938: 599–600, Byers et al., 1995: 229–233, Arcese et al., 2002, Dickinson, 2003: 781, and Pruett and Winker (2010).

Holotype

AMNH 405699, adult male, collected on Sanak Island, 54.26N, 162.40W (Times Atlas), Aleutian Islands, Alaska, on 13 June 1894, by Chase Littlejohn (nos. 582 and 721). From the collection of Richard C. McGregor (no. 3361) via the Dwight Collection (no. 39137).

Comments

In the original description, McGregor cited his collection number of the holotype and noted that specimens came from Sanak and Popoff islands, Alaska. Apparently, all of McGregor's own specimens were in worn plumage and his description was based on Sanak Island specimens in fresh plumage collected by C. Littlejohn. Based on his table of measurements, he had at least five male and five female specimens of his new form. There are five paratypes in AMNH, all from Sanaka Island and all from the Dwight Collection, some of which appear to have been obtained from Littlejohn directly and to have no McGregor or Littlejohn numbers: AMNH 405697 (Dwight no. 39136, McGregor no. 1568, Littlejohn no. 954), male, 26 May 1894; AMNH 405698 (30117, –, –), male, 29 May 1894; AMNH 405700 (30118, –, –), female, 16 May 1894; AMNH 405701 (39135, 1569, 953), female, 18 May 1894; AMNH 405702 (39136, 3362, 60, and 582), female, 23 May 1894. There are no specimens from Popoff Island in AMNH. Dickinson (2003: 781) did not recognize this subspecies.

There is a note at the bottom of this description: “An author's edition of 100 copies was distributed Nov. 25, 1900,” which was prior to the publication date of January 1901. This was also mentioned in American Ornithologists' Union (1957: 633).

Melospiza melodia cleonensis McGregor

Melospiza melodia cleonensis McGregor, 1899b: 87 (Westport, Mendocino Co., California).

Now Melospiza melodia cleonensis McGregor, 1899. See Hellmayr, 1938: 603, Byers et al., 1995: 229–233, Arcese et al., 2002, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Syntypes

AMNH 405820, male, and AMNH 405823, female, collected at Westport, 39.39N, 123.45W (Times Atlas), Mendocino County, California, on 28 May 1889, by Richard C. McGregor (nos. 287 and 288, respectively). From the Dwight Collection (nos. 39224 and 39223, respectively).

Comments

In the original description, McGregor listed these two specimens as “Co-type” and “Type” in the sense of syntypes and also mentioned three additional specimens from Cleone, California, but these would have no type standing (ICZN, 1999: 80, Arts. 73.2.1 and 72.4.6). One of the Cleone specimens is in AMNH.

Melospiza melodia niceae Dickerman

Melospiza melodia niceae Dickerman, 1963: 51 (Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México).

Now Melospiza melodia niceae Dickerman, 1963. See Paynter, 1970: 52, Byers et al. 1995: 229–233, Arcese et al. 2002: 6, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Holotype

AMNH 817696, male, collected at Tulancingo, 20.06N, 98.20W (Times Atlas), Hidalgo, Mexico, on 22 September 1956, by Robert W. Dickerman (no. 7427). On exchange from MMNH (no. 16897) to AMNH in 1986.

Comments

In the original description, Dickerman cited his field number and the MMNH number of the holotype and examined 53 specimens of niceae. Of the 52 paratypes, four are in AMNH: 1 mi west of Tulancingo, AMNH 768846 (MMNH no. 16910), male, 29 April 1958, RWD no. 8716; Lago Zupitlan, AMNH 768847 (16913), imm. male, AMNH 768848 (16911), juvenile female, AMNH 768849 (16918), unsexed, all three collected on 22 September 1956, RWD nos. 7435, 7433, and 7448, respectively. See Dickerman (1963: 47, fig. 20) for a map showing the range of niceae. Arcese et al. (2002: 6) considered niceae a synonym of M. m. mexicana.

Melospiza melodia azteca Dickerman

Melospiza melodia azteca Dickerman, 1963: 46 (Lago de Zumpango, 19.46N, 99.05W (Times Atlas), Edo. México, Mexico).

Now Melospiza melodia azteca Dickerman, 1963. See Paynter, 1970: 52, Byers et al., 1995: 229–233, Arcese et al., 2002: 6, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Holotype

AMNH 817695, adult female, collected on Lago de Zumpango, Mexico, Mexico, on 10 November 1956, by Robert W. Dickerman (no. 7640). On exchange from MMNH (no. 16870) to AMNH in 1986.

Comments

Dickerman cited the MMNH and RWD nos. in the original description and noted that he had examined 144 specimens. Of the 143 paratypes the following are at AMNH: Lago de Zumpango, AMNH 768838 (MMNH no. 16864), female, AMNH 768839 (16866), adult, 10 November 1956; 1 mi west of Zumpango, AMNH 768840 (16858), male, 15 September 1956, RWD nos. 7635, 7637, and 7403, respectively. Lago de Zumpango is shown in Dickerman (1963: 14, fig. 8; 47, fig. 20); the town of Zumpango is at 19.46N, 99.05W (Times Atlas). Arcese et al. (2002: 6) synonymized azteca with M. m. mexicana.

Melospiza melodia villai Phillips and Dickerman

Melospiza melodia villai Phillips and Dickerman, 1957: 380 (6 miles north-northeast of Amoloya del Río ( =  9 kilometers south-southeast of Lerma), State of México).

Now Melospiza melodia villai Phillips and Dickerman, 1957. See Paynter, 1970: 52, Byers et al., 1995: 229–233, Arcese et al., 2002: 6, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Holotype

AMNH 817693, adult male (?), collected 6 mi NNE of Amoloya del Rio ( =  9 km SSE of Lerma), Mexico, Mexico, on 24 October 1956, by Robert W. Dickerman (no. 7560). Exchanged from MMNH (no. 12500) to AMNH in 1986.

Comments

The MMNH and RWD numbers were cited for the holotype in the original description., and 19 specimens were examined. Of the 18 paratypes two are in AMNH: AMNH 768836 (MMNH no. 17003), immature ?, El Rio ( =  San Bernabé), 14 November 1956, RWD no. 7644; AMNH 768837 (17005), immature male, km 100 Toluca-Norelia Rd., 24 October 1956, RWD no. 7567. Dickerman (1963: 40, fig. 19) illustrated the range of villai along the Rio Lerma.

Melospiza melodia yuriria Phillips and Dickerman

Melospiza melodia yuriria Phillips and Dickerman, 1957: 381 (Yuriria, Guanajuato).

Now Melospiza melodia yuriria Phillips and Dickerman, 1957. See Paynter, 1970: 52, Byers et al., 1995: 229–233, Arcese et al., 2002: 6, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Holotype

AMNH 817692, male adult?, collected at Yuriria, 20.12N, 101.10W (Times Atlas), Guanajuato, Mexico, on 21 November 1956, by Robert W. Dickerman (no. 7723). Exchanged from MMNH (no. 12490) to AMNH in 1986.

Comments

The MMNH and RWD nos. were cited in the original description; five specimens were examined. One paratype is in AMNH: AMNH 768828 (MMNH no. 16819), female, 1 mi SE Chamacuaro, Guanajuato, 3 August 1956, RWD no. 7188.

The authors queried whether the holotype was an adult specimen as the testes measured only 1.5 mm. See Dickerman (1963: 40, fig. 19) for a map of the distribution of yuriria. Arcese et al. (2002: 6) synonymized yuriria with M. m. adusta.

Melospiza melodia zacapu Dickerman

Melospiza melodia zacapu Dickerman, 1963: 40 (Zacapu, Michoacán, Mexico).

Now Melospiza melodia zacapu Dickerman, 1963. See Paynter, 1970: 53, Byers et al., 1995: 229–233, Arcese et al., 2002: 6, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Holotype

AMNH 817694, immature female, collected at Zacapu de Mier, 19.49N, 101.48W (Times Atlas), Michoacan, Mexico, on 12 December 1956, by Robert W. Dickerman (no. 7772). Exchanged from MMNH (no. 16678) to AMNH in 1986.

Comments

The MMNH and RWD nos. were cited in the original description. Seventy-three specimens of zacapu were examined; of the 72 paratypes, the following four are in AMNH: Zacapu, AMNH 768821 (MMNH no. 16667), male, 30 July 1956, RWD no. 7152; AMNH 768822 (16696), female, 15 May 1958, RWD no. 8804; AMNH 768823 (16699), male, 10 December 1958, RWD no. 9237; AMNH 768824 (16704), immature female, 10 December 1958, RWD no. 9242. See Dickerman (1963: 40, fig. 19) for a map showing the distribution of zacapu. Arcese et al. (2002: 6) synonymized zacapu with M. m. adusta.

Zonotrichia capensis septentrionalis Griscom

Zonotrichia capensis septentrionalis Griscom, 1930: 12 (Chichicastenango, Guatemala).

Now Zonotrichia capensis septentrionalis Griscom, 1930. See Hellmayr, 1938: 571, Chapman, 1940: 390–391, Byers et al., 1995: 236–238, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Holotype

AMNH 397976, adult male, collected at Chichicastenango, 14.56N, 91.07W (USBGN, 1965), El Quiché, Guatemala; 27 January 1925, by Alfred W. Anthony. From the Dwight Collection (no. 60798).

Comments

The Dwight Collection number of the holotype was given in the original description. Griscom mentioned that he examined 84 specimens from 15 localities in the Guatemalan highlands, without giving specifics. Later, he (Griscom, 1932b: 363) listed his localities and the number of specimens from each, but I count only 82 specimens on his list. Of these, 64 were cataloged at AMNH. The 63 AMNH paratypes are: AMNH 397959–397975, 397977–398022, 39 males, 20 females, 3 immatures, and 1 sex unknown; of these, I did not find AMNH 397959, sex?, from Antigua, in the collection.

Subsequent to the publication by Griscom (1932b) on the entire Guatemalan collection and before it was cataloged at AMNH, a large number of the specimens were retained at MCZ. The remaining paratypes are probably there.

Zonotrichia capensis costaricensis Allen

Zonotrichia capensis costaricensis Allen, 1891: 374 (San José, Costa Rica).

Now Zonotrichia capensis costaricensis Allen, 1891. See Hellmayr, 1938: 571–572, Chapman, 1940: 392–393, Byers et al., 1995: 236–238, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Holotype

AMNH 48206, adult male, collected at San José, 09.59N, 84.04W (Times Atlas), Costa Rica, on 14 September 1889, by C.F. Underwood (no. 410).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description and the range was said to be southern Mexico, Central America, and south to Colombia (Bogota) and probably to Ecuador. Paratypes are the following specimens collected or cataloged before the 29 September 1891 publication date of costaricensis: AMNH 35370–35374, unsexed and undated Bogota, Colombia, specimens purchased from J.M. Southwick and cataloged 12 April 1889; AMNH 48203, male, 31 May 1889; AMNH 48204, male immature, 31 March 1889; AMNH 48205, female, 14 September 1889, the last three specimens collected at San José, Costa Rica, by C.F. Underwood, and cataloged 22 April 1890.

Zonotrichia capensis venezuelae Chapman

Zonotrichia capensis venezuelae Chapman, 1939: 13 (Carapas, 5600 ft., Mt. Turumiquire, N.E. Venezuela).

Now Zonotrichia capensis venezuelae Chapman, 1939. See Chapman, 1940: 397–398, Paynter, 1970: 55, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Holotype

AMNH 188519, adult male, collected at Carapas, 5600 ft, ca. 10.12N, 63.56W (Paynter, 1982), Mt. Turumiquire, northeast Venezuela, on 28 March 1925, by G.H.H. Tate and H.J. Clement (no. 415).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description, and a type series of 37 specimens was listed. Of these, 34 of the 36 paratypes are in AMNH: Guacharo, Bermudez, AMNH 68111, AMNH 73387–73390; Las Cienegas del Aguilon, AMNH 150766; Cocallar, AMNH 188513, 188514; Carapas, AMNH 188515–188518, 188520–188522; Junquito on Colonia Tovar Rd, AMNH 323146–323152; Los Palmales, AMNH 70363, AMNH 518950, 518951, 518952; Galipan, Cerro de Avila, AMNH 518953–518956; Cumbre de Valencia, AMNH 518957, 518958; and Quiribana de Caicera, AMNH 518959, 518960. Six specimens were listed for Galipan, but only four were cataloged.

Tate (1931) wrote about the ascent of Mt. Turumiquire and the various collecting localities he and Clement visited.

Brachyspiza capensis roraimae Chapman

Brachyspiza capensis roraimae Chapman, 1929a: 5 (Philipp Camp, 6000 ft., Roraima, Venezuela).

Now Zonotrichia capensis roraimae (Chapman, 1929). See Hellmayr, 1938: 584, Chapman, 1940: 398–399, Byers et al., 1995: 236–238, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Holotype

AMNH 237162, adult male, collected at Philipp Camp, 6000 ft, ca. 05.09N, 60.47W (Paynter, 1982), Mt. Roraima, Venezuela, on 9 November 1927, by T. Donald Carter on the Lee Garnett Day Expedition (no. 692).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description, with 39 specimens from three localities listed as having been examined. However, a total of 45 specimens from these localities were cataloged in September and October 1928, and all would have been available to Chapman. The 44 paratypes are: AMNH 237133–237161, 237163–237177 (two males, one juvenile male from Paulo; four males, one juvenile male, five females from Rondon Camp; 16 males, four juvenile males, 11 females from Philipp Camp), all collected by T. Donald Carter on the Lee Garnett Day Expedition. Of these paratypes, AMNH 237135, male from Rondon Camp, was exchanged with USNM in September 1930, and AMNH 237161, male from Philipp Camp, was exchanged with FMNH in March 1941. Chapman (1931) published a joint report on the collections of the Lee Garnett Day Expedition to Mt. Roraima and the Tyler Duida Expedition to Mount Duida. He (1931: 7–10) described and pictured Philipp Camp. See also Tate (1928, 1930).

Zonotrichia capensis tocantinsi Chapman

Zonotrichia capensis tocantinsi Chapman, 1940: 399 (Baião, Rio Tocantins, Brazil).

Now Zonotrichia capensis tocantinsi Chapman, 1940. See Paynter, 1970: 56, Byers et al., 1995: 236–238, and Dickinson, 2003: 782.

Holotype

AMNH 431446, adult male, collected at Baião, 02.41S, 49.41W (Paynter and Traylor, 1991), Rio Tocantins, Pará, Brazil, 9 December 1931, by Alfonso M. Olalla.

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and had a type series of six individuals from the Baião area. The five paratypes, all collected in 1931, are: Baião, AMNH 431444, male, 29 November, AMNH 431445, male, 1 December, AMNH 431447, female, 1 December; Pedral, AMNH 431448, male, and AMNH 431449, unsexed, 10 December. AMNH 431449 was exchanged to CM in March 1941.

Zonotrichia capensis carabayae Chapman

Zonotrichia capensis carabayae Chapman, 1940: 395 (Limbani, 10,000 feet, Carabaya, southeastern Peru).

Now Zonotrichia capensis carabayae Chapman, 1940. See Paynter, 1970: 59, Byers et al., 1995: 236–238, and Dickinson, 2003: 783.

Holotype

AMNH 150012, adult male, collected at Limbani, 10,000 ft, 14.08S, 69.42W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Puno, southeastern Peru, on 26 August 1918, by Harry Watkins (no. 1193).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed 45 adults as his type series, many of which were noted as having been borrowed from other institutions. I did not find either in the collection or the catalog the two specimens from El Cumbra and Pongo, Bolivia, indicated as being in AMNH. The other 23 paratypes in AMNH are: Bolivia, Incachacha, AMNH 138039–138041, two males and one female; Peru, Ollantaytambo, AMNH 145609, female; Machu Picchu, AMNH 145613, female; Huaracondo Cañon, AMNH 145614, unsexed; Limbani, AMNH 150011, 150013–150017, two males, four females; Perene, AMNH 169337, male; La Merced, AMNH 169338, 169339, two males; Utcuyacu, AMNH 169342, 169343, two males; Tulumayo, AMNH 170052–170056, four males, one female; and Rio Seco, AMNH 235103, female. Chapman listed only adults in his type series; AMNH 145612, juvenile male from Machu Picchu, is not considered a paratype of carabayae.

Zonotrichia capensis huancabambae Chapman

Zonotrichia capensis huancabambae Chapman, 1940: 393 (San Felipe, 5000 ft., Rio Huancabamba, n. Peru).

Now Zonotrichia capensis huancabambae Chapman, 1940. See Paynter, 1970: 59, Byers et al., 1995: 236–238, and Dickinson, 2003: 783.

Holotype

AMNH 186111, adult male, collected at San Felipe, 5900 ft (as on label), 05.46S, 79.19W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Rio Huancabamba, Cajamarca, northern Peru, on 3 October 1924, by Harry Watkins (no. 8634).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description and 28 adults from 11 localities were listed in the type series. The 27 paratypes are: Peru, Huancabamba, AMNH 175665–175667, one male, two females; El Tambo, AMNH 175668, male; Palambla, AMNH 175669–175674, four males, 1 female, 1 sex?; Hurandosa, AMNH 182240, female; Lomo Santo, AMNH 186109, 186110, 2 males; San Felipe, AMNH 186112, 186113, male, female; La Lejia, AMNH 235098–235102, three males, two females; Taulis, AMNH 236137, female; Seques, AMNH 236138, male; Chugur, AMNH 236139–236142, three males, one female; Cajabamba, AMNH 518982, male. Of these, AMNH 235101 was exchanged to FMNH in March 1941.

Junco hyemalis cismontanus Dwight

Junco hyemalis cismontanus Dwight, 1918: 295 (east of the Rocky Mountains).

Now Junco hyemalis cismontanus Dwight, 1918. See Miller 1941: 402–404, Phillips, 1962: 372–376, Paynter, 1970: 64, Byers et al., 1995: 246–249, Nolan et al., 2002, and Dickinson, 2003: 783.

Lectotype

AMNH 402559, adult male, collected at Sumas, Washington, USA ( =  British Columbia, Canada, as on label), on 13 February 1905, by Allan Brooks. From the Dwight Collection (no. 12281).

Comments

In his original description, no type was designated, because Dwight considered his cismontanus to be of hybrid origin, but he indicated that if his cismontanus could be restricted to a definite geographical area, it might be considered a subspecies. Miller (1941: 402–404) discussed this name at length, provided the necessary evidence for the existence of a stabilized population of hybrid origin, and designated a lectotype from Dwight's original series, albeit a wintering bird from outside the breeding range of the subspecies. As Miller (1941: 403) noted, Dwight's original series is in AMNH, with the specimens he considered cismontanus so labeled and initialed with a “D,” and from among them Miller (1941: 403 [not 405, as in Paynter, 1970: 64]) designated AMNH 402559 the lectotype, citing the AMNH number. While it is confusing, especially in this case, to designate a lectotype from outside the breeding range of the taxon, the above specimen was part of the original series of birds that Dwight considered “cismontanus” and was available for lectotypification. The collecting locality of the lectotype, Sumas, Washington, becomes the type locality of cismontanus. Sumas is on the United States-Canada border, 49.00N, 122.16W (Times Atlas).

As given by Miller (1941: 404), this lectotype bears two labels: (1) Allan Brooks' original label giving his name as collector and the sex, date, and place of collection; (2) Dwight Collection label with the Dwight no. 12281 and other collecting data on the front and on the reverse “hyemalis × oreganus D”/ “ =  cismontanus,” and AMNH 402559. In addition, the specimen is identified as “Junco o[reganus] shufeldti” in pencil on the front and reference is given to Miller's lectotypification on the reverse. Junco oreganus shufeldti Coale, 1887, is the breeding bird in this part of Washington–British Columbia. I believe that Miller chose this specimen to be the lectotype because its characteristics most exactly matched those of the breeding population to the east of the mountains.

I found four additional specimens labeled “cismontanus” by Dwight and they are now identified as hybrid hyemalis × oreganus: AMNH 402160 (Dwight no. 41424), male, Ingram, Kerr Co., Texas; AMNH 402397 (38769), male, Dragoon Mts., Arizona; AMNH 402407 (38700), male, Battle Creek, California, 23 October 1898; and AMNH 402472 (20155), male, Okanagan, British Columbia, 29 April 1907. They are paralectotypes.

Contra Paynter (1970b: 64), Phillips did not provide J. hyemalis henshawi as a new name for cismontanus. Phillips (1962: 374) rejected Miller's use of a wintering specimen of Dwight's cismontanus as a lectotype for a subspecies of Junco hyemalis, accepting instead the specimens from the breeding population of juncos in British Columbia that Swarth (1922: 243) called Junco hyemalis connectens Coues. Coues' type locality was in Colorado Springs and this form has been generally considered to be of hybrid origin. Swarth's specimens from the Stikine River region in northern British Colombia would only include part of the range covered by connectens, and this left those birds without a name, for which Phillips provided Junco hyemalis henshawi, with the type from Bennett, British Columbia (59.49N, 135.01W, Times Atlas). When J. h. cismontanus is accepted as a valid name, J. h. henshawi becomes a synonym of it.

Junco oregonus [sic] couesi Dwight

Junco oregonus [sic] couesi Dwight, 1918: 291 (Okanagan, British Columbia).

Now Junco hyemalis montanus Ridgway, 1898. See Hellmayr, 1938: 547, Miller, 1941: 408–409, Byers et al., 1995: 246–249, Nolan et al., 2002, and Dickinson, 2003: 783.

Holotype

AMNH 402384, adult male, collected in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada, on 14 May 1906, by Allan Brooks. From the Dwight Collection (no. 16969).

Comments

Dwight cited his collection number of the holotype in the original description. He did not give the number of specimens in his type series but listed localities from which they came. However, none of the specimens in AMNH are annotated with the name couesi and initialed by Dwight, so I was unable to determine which other specimens he might have considered to belong to that form.

Miller (1941: 408–409) studied Dwight's material and decided that couesi “is a synonym partly of shufeldti and partly of montanus, but the type is an example of montanus.”

Junco ridgwayi Mearns

Junco ridgwayi Mearns, 1890: 243 (Whipple Barracks, Arizona).

Now considered an intergrade between J. hyemalis caniceps and J. h. mearnsi. See Miller, 1941: 406, Byers et al., 1995: 246–249, Nolan et al., 2002, and Dickinson, 2003: 783.

Holotype

AMNH 52902, adult male, collected at Whipple Barracks, Arizona, on 22 April 1884, by Edgar A. Mearns (no. 2770).

Comments

In the original description, Mearns cited his number of the holotype. The single paratype is USNM 11187. Whipple Barracks was at ca. 34.34N, 112.26W.

Ammodramus halophilus McGregor

Ammodramus halophilus McGregor, 1898: 265 (Abreojos Point, Lower California).

Now Passerculus sandwichensis guttatus (Lawrence, 1867). See Hellmayr, 1938: 492, Paynter, 1970b: 73, Wheelwright and Rising, 1993, Byers et al., 1995: 251–254, and Dickinson, 2003: 783–784.

Holotype

AMNH 400262, adult male, collected at Punta Abreojos, 26.44N, 113.40W (Times Atlas), Baja California ( =  Abreojos Point, Lower California), Mexico, on 19 April 1897, by Richard C. McGregor (no. 1001). From the Dwight Collection (no. 38303).

Comments

McGregor cited his collection number of the holotype in the original description. McGregor's (1898: 266) party secured 16 specimens on 19 April and additional specimens on 17 June. Fifteen paratypes, all from Punta Abreojos and collected on those dates, are in AMNH: AMNH 70325, male, was part of an exchange to AMNH from McGregor (field no. 1432). Eleven paratypes came with the Dwight Collection; in the following list the AMNH number is followed by the Dwight number, the third number was pencilled on each label and is evidently a field number, the fourth number was added in red ink and was only on specimens that came from Dwight: males, AMNH 400263 (38305, 553, 1003), AMNH 400264 (383307, 548, 1007), AMNH 400265 (38312, 1436, 1010), AMNH 400266 (38311, 1440, 1009), AMNH 400267 (38306, 561, 1004); females, AMNH 400268 (38307, 555, 1005), AMNH 400269 (38308, 549, 1006), AMNH 400270 (38310, 1435, 1008), AMNH 400271 (38314, 1433, 1012), AMNH 400272 (38315, 1428, 1013), AMNH 400273 (38316, 1442, 1014). One paratype, AMNH 518721, male, was collected by Anthony, had the field no. 560, was purchased by Rothschild from the dealer C.K. Worthen, and came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Two paratypes came with the Leonard C. Sanford Collection: females, AMNH 762159 (Sanford no. 9013, field no. 559), the numbers 8809 and 14540 also appear on this label; AMNH 762160 (9796, 1427), the number 15518 also appears.

Ammodramus maritimus peninsulae Allen

Ammodramus maritimus peninsulae Allen, 1888: 284 (Southwestern Florida (Tarpon Springs and Cedar Keys), [and Louisiana (Grand Isle)]).

Now Ammodramus maritimus peninsulae Allen, 1888. See Hellmayr, 1938: 509, Zink and Avise, 1990, Post and Greenlaw, 1995, Byers et al., 1995: 254–256, and Dickinson, 2003: 784.

Syntypes

AMNH 31209 and AMNH 31210, both females, collected at Tarpon Springs, 28.08N, 82.45W (Times Atlas), Florida, on 28 February 1888, by W.E.D. Scott.

Comments

In the original description, Allen designated as syntypes of A. m. peninsulae the above two specimens and an additional specimen, a male, collected on Grand Isle, Louisiana, in June 1886, by A.K. Fisher (no. 2600). This additional syntype is also part of the type series of Ammodramus maritimus fisheri Chapman (1899: 10). Part of Fisher's collection was deposited in USNM, and in reply to a query, James Dean has responded that USNM received only two of Fisher's specimens of Ammodramus maritimus, the holotype of Ammodramus maritimus fisheri and one other, neither of them Fisher's male no. 2600. It is also not at LSUMNS (Steven Cardiff, personal commun.); thus its whereabouts are unknown.

Because syntypes of peninsulae were designated, additional specimens have no nomenclatural standing (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.6).

Passerherbulus maritimus juncicola Griscom and Nichols

Passerherbulus maritimus juncicola Griscom and Nichols, 1920: 25 (East Goose Creek, Wakulla Co., Florida).

Now Ammodramus maritimus juncicola (Griscom and Nichols, 1920). See Hellmayr, 1938: 509, Zink and Avise, 1990, Post and Greenlaw, 1995, Byers et al., 1995: 254–256, and Dickinson, 2003: 784.

Holotype

AMNH 144885, adult male, collected at East Goose Creek, 30.06N, 84.14W, Wakulla Co., Florida, on 29 March 1919, by Ludlow Griscom.

Comments

In the original description, Griscom and Nichols gave the AMNH number of the holotype and said that they examined 13 specimens of their new subspecies, collected in northwestern Florida in September, November, March, and April (Griscom and Nichols, 1920: 30). They borrowed specimens from many museums for their study; paratypes in AMNH are: East Goose Creek, Wakulla Co., Florida, AMNH 155381–155387, three adult males, one adult female, and three juveniles, collected 6–8 September 1919, by Ludlow Griscom. I did not find AMNH 155383, male, collected on 7 September 1919, in the collection.

The name of this subspecies is often misspelled junicola, e.g., by Paynter (1970b: 75) and Dickinson (2003: 784); it was spelled juncicola in the original description.

Ammodramus maritimus sennetti Allen

Ammodramus maritimus sennetti Allen, 1888: 286 (Gulf Coast of Texas (Corpus Christi)).

Now Ammodramus maritimus sennetti Allen, 1888. See Hellmayr, 1938: 511, Zink and Avise, 1990, Post and Greenlaw, 1995, Byers et al., 1995: 254–256, and Dickinson, 2003: 784.

Syntypes

AMNH 83537 (Sennett no. 3304), male, and AMNH 83538 (Sennett no. 3303), female, collected at Corpus Christi, 27.49N, 97.26W (Times Atlas), Texas, on 25 May 1886. From the collection of George B. Sennett.

Comments

Because Allen designated the above two specimens syntypes of Ammodramus maritimus sennetti in the original description, other specimens have no nomeclatural standing (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.6).

Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight

Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight, 1887: 233 (Hillsborough, Albert Co., New Brunswick).

Now Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight, 1887. See Hellmayr, 1938: 504–505, Zink and Avise, 1990, Greenlaw and Rising, 1994, Byers et al., 1995: 256–257, and Dickinson, 2003: 784.

Syntypes

AMNH 400757 (Dwight no. 1240), juvenile male, 15 July 1886; AMNH 400767 (1500), adult male, 30 September 1886; AMNH 400795 (1239), adult female, 15 July 1886; and AMNH 400801 (1502), adult female, 30 September 1886, all collected at Hillsborough, 45.56N, 64.40W (Times Atlas), New Brunswick, Canada, by Jonathan Dwight, Jr. From the Dwight Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Dwight (1887: 236) made it clear that the specimens he described and gave his collection numbers for should be considered his types. The above syntypes are four of the five specimens he listed by number. The fifth syntype, with his number 1261, adult male in breeding plumage, collected on 19 July 1886, at the same locality, did not come to AMNH with the Dwight Collection and I have found no record of where it might be. Because Dwight designated syntypes in the original description, other specimens have no nomenclatural standing (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.6).

Ammodramus savannarum caucae Chapman

Ammodramus savannarum caucae Chapman, 1912: 161 (Cali, Cauca, Colombia).

Now Ammodramus savannarum caucae Chapman, 1912. See Hellmayr, 1938: 501, Byers et al., 1995: 261–263, Vickery, 1996, and Dickinson, 2003: 784–785.

Holotype

AMNH 110005, adult male, collected at Cali, 3600 ft, 03.27S, 76.31W (Paynter, 1997), Valle del Cauca, Colombia, on 11 August 1911, by William B. Richardson and Leo E. Miller.

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description; two additional males are paratypes: AMNH 108443 Cali, 3500 ft, 29 December 1910; and AMNH 108444, Cali, 3500 ft, 25 December 1910, both collected by Richardson.

Ammodramus savannarum intricatus Hartert

Ammodramus savannarum intricatus Hartert, 1907: 73 (El Valle, San Domingo).

Now Ammodramus savannarum intricatus Hartert, 1907. See Hellmayr, 1938: 497, Byers et al., 1995: 261–263, Vickery, 1996, and Latta et al., 2006: 203.

Holotype

AMNH 518574, adult male, collected at El Valle, Dominican Republic ( =  San Domingo), on 16 January 1907, by A. Hyatt Verrill (no. 4167). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert cited Verrill's number of the holotype in the original description, saying that two pairs were collected (i.e., two pairs in the Rothschild Collection). The number 4167 appears on the holotype, which is the only specimen that bears a number, probably added by Hartert to distinguish it. The three paratypes are: AMNH 518572, female, 18 January; AMNH 518573, female, 16 January; AMNH 518575, male, 17 January, all collected at El Valle in 1907. Other specimens collected by Verrill on the same trip were purchased by AMNH in 1908 and are not part of the type series. Both the Rothschild and the AMNH series were purchased from the Kny-Scheerer Co., a New York City based source of scientific supplies, including natural history specimens. According to correspondence (late 19th and early 20th centuries) in the Department of Ornithology Archives, they also had a “European Establishment.”

Coturniculus savannarum caribaeus Hartert

Coturniculus savannarum caribaeus Hartert, 1902: 298 (Bonaire).

Now Ammodramus savannarum caribaeus (Hartert, 1902). See Hellmayr, 1938: 495, Byers et al., 1995: 261–263, Vickery, 1996, and Dickinson, 2003: 784–785.

Holotype

AMNH 518567, adult male, collected on Bonaire Island, West Indies, on 11 July 1892, by Ernst Hartert (no. 164). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert cited his field number of the holotype in the original description, giving the range of the new subspecies as Bonaire and Curaçao without mentioning the number of specimens he collected. In the earlier account of his trip to the West Indies, Hartert (1893b: 327), under Ammodramus savannarum, had mistakenly referred to his “Aruban specimens” when giving the measurements of his Bonaire specimens, but still without mentioning the number of specimens; here he also mentioned his collecting locality as Kralendijk, 12.09N, 68.16W (Times Atlas). There are in AMNH six Hartert specimens of caribaeus all collected in 1892, the following five being paratypes: Bonaire, AMNH 518566 (Hartert no. 220), male, 21 July; AMNH 518568 (167), male, 11 July; AMNH 518569 (170), male, 11 July; AMNH 518570 (165), female, 11 July; Beekenburg, Curaçao, AMNH 518571 (260), male, 2 August.

Myospiza minimbe columbiana Chapman

Myospiza minimbe columbiana Chapman, 1912: 162 (Cali, Cauca, Colombia).

Now Ammodramus humeralis humeralis (Bosc, 1792). See Hellmayr, 1938: 476–477, Byers et al., 1995: 263–264, and Dickinson, 2003: 785.

Holotype

AMNH 108446, adult male, collected at Cali, 3500 ft, 03.27N, 76.31W (Paynter, 1997), Valle del Cauca, Colombia, on 27 December 1910, by W.B. Richardson and L.E. Miller.

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. The type series included five specimens from Cali and one from Honda, Tolima; other specimens mentioned were not included in columbiana. The five paratypes are: within 20 mi of Honda, Tolima, AMNH 95121, sex ?, 24 January 1907; Cali, Cauca, AMNH 108445 and AMNH 108447, males, 27 December 1910; AMNH 108448, female, 2 December 1910; AMNH 109219, sex ?, 8 May 1911. AMNH 108447 was exchanged to USNM.

Most recent authors have included the species humeralis in the genus Ammodramus; Dickinson (2003: 785) recognized the genus Myospiza without comment.

Myospiza manimbe nigrostriata Cherrie

Myospiza manimbe nigrostriata Cherrie, 1916a: 189 (Rio Negro, Paraguayan Chaco).

Now Ammodramus humeralis xanthornus Darwin, 1839. See Hellmayr, 1938: 481, Byers et al., 1995: 263–264, and Dickinson, 2003: 785.

Holotype

AMNH 127061, female, collected on the Rio Negro, Paraguay, on 12 November 1913, by G.K. Cherrie (no. 16933) and L.E. Miller on the Roosevelt Expedition.

Comments

Cherrie gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description but included no information on the size of his type series. According to the AMNH catalog, a single specimen was collected.

Cherrie (1916: 189, footnote) noted that the Rio Negro, a small tributary of the Rio Pilcomayo, 25.21S, 57.42W (Paynter, 1989), entered it about 35 or 40 mi from its mouth. This side-excursion on the Rio Pilcomayo, taking place before the Roosevelt-Rondon Expedition, is briefly described by Cherrie (in Naumburg, 1930: 6). The cryptic note on the reverse of the AMNH label, “Munich Mus. 1922,” may refer to Naumberg having sent or taken this type specimen to Munich when she was working on the birds of the Roosevelt-Rondon Expedition, for she discussed it under Myospiza h. humeralis (Naumburg, 1930: 353–355). She considered it to be an aberrant individual of M. h. dorsalis, a form considered a synonym of M. h. xanthornus by Hellmayr (1938: 480–482). Also on the reverse of the AMNH label is the identification Myospiza h. dorsalis with the initials “A[lexander] W[etmore],” who had compared the type of dorsalis with that of nigrostriata and considered them identical (Wetmore, 1926: 429–430).

Myospiza cherriei Chapman

Myospiza cherriei Chapman, 1914a: 183 (Villavicencio (alt. 1600 ft.), Llanos at eastern base of Eastern Andes, Colombia).

Now Ammodramus aurifrons cherriei (Chapman, 1914). See Hellmayr, 1938: 484, Byers et al., 1995: 264–265, Dickinson, 2003: 785.

Holotype

AMNH 122770, female, collected at Villavicencio, 1600 ft, 04.09S, 73.37W (Paynter, 1997), eastern base of the eastern Andes, Meta, Colombia, on 12 March 1913, by George K. Cherrie (no. 16562).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. There is one paratype: AMNH 122771, juvenile, from the same locality on 11 March 1913 collected by Cherrie (no. 16545).

Although Chapman (1917: 567) listed three specimens of cherriei, there were only two specimens in the type series and they are the only two in AMNH collected before 1940. Chapman (1917: 567) had perhaps borrowed a third specimen for comparison when writing the later paper.

Myospiza aurifrons zamorae Chapman

Myospiza aurifrons zamorae Chapman, 1925a: 2 (Zamora, Rio Zamora, eastern Ecuador).

Now Ammodramus aurifrons aurifrons (Spix, 1825). See Hellmayr, 1938: 483–484, Byers et al., 1995: 264–265, and Dickinson, 2003: 785.

Holotype

AMNH 168146, adult male, collected at Zamora, 04.04S, 78.58W (Paynter, 1993), Rio Zamora, Ecuador, on 26 November 1920, by George K. Cherrie (no. 22599).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed 28 specimens of zamorae from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru that he examined, including the holotype. Of the 27 paratypes, I found 26: Colombia, La Morelia, AMNH 117097–117101; Florencia, AMNH 117103, 117104, 117169–117171; Ecuador, Zamora, AMNH 130284–130287, AMNH 168143–168145, AMNH 168147–168151; Peru, La Merced, AMNH 169334, 169335; Perené, AMNH 169336; Perico, AMNH 182233. I did not find the juvenile specimen that Chapman listed from Monte Allegre, Peru. AMNH 168150 was exchanged to MCZ in 1928.

Aimophila ruficauda connectens Griscom

Aimophila ruficauda connectens Griscom, 1930: 9 (Progreso, Guatemala).

Now Aimophila ruficauda connectens Griscom, 1930. See Hellmayr, 1938: 519, Dickerman, 1987b: 81, Byers et al., 1995: 83–84, and Dickinson, 2003: 786.

Holotype

AMNH 397867, adult male, collected at Progreso, 17.18N, 90.08W (Times Atlas), Guatemala, on 8 July 1924, by Alfred W. Anthony (no. 331). From the Johathan Dwight Collection (no. 58485).

Comments

Griscom cited the Dwight Collection number of the holotype in the original description and noted that his type series included 33 specimens from Progreso and one from Gualan (in MCZ). Of the 32 paratypes from Progreso, 22 came to AMNH: AMNH 397860 (Dwight no. 58476), female; AMNH 397861 (58478), female; AMNH 397862 (58481), male; AMNH 397863 (58479), male; AMNH 397864 (58482), male; AMNH 397865 (58480), male; AMNH 397866 (58483), male; AMNH 397868 (58486), male; AMNH 397869 (58487), male; AMNH 397870 (58488), female, all collected 2–14 July 1924 by Anthony; AMNH 397871 (59060) female; AMNH 397872 (59061), male; AMNH 397873 (59062), male; AMNH 397874 (59065), male; AMNH 397875 (59064), immature female; AMNH 397876 (59063) immature female; AMNH 397877 (59067) immature female; AMNH 397878 (59068), immature female; AMNH 397879 (59071), male; AMNH 397880 (59073), ? immature; AMNH 397881 (59074), male; AMNH 397882 (59075), female, all collected 5 September–3 November 1924 by Anthony.

A large portion of Dwight's Guatemalan collection was retained at MCZ after the publication of Griscom's (1932b) report on the entire collection and before cataloging at AMNH. The remaining paratypes are probably in MCZ.

Aimophila ruficauda ibarrorum Dickerman

Aimophila ruficauda ibarrorum Dickerman, 1987a: 5 (La Avellana, Department of Santa Rosa, Guatemala).

Now Aimophila ruficauda ibarrorum Dickerman, 1987. See Dickerman, 1987b: 81, Byers et al., 1995: 286–287, and Dickinson, 2003: 786.

Holotype

AMNH 813904, adult female, collected at La Avellana, 13.55N, 90.28W (USBGN, 1965), Santa Rosa, Guatemala, on 18 August 1971, by Robert W. Dickerman on the Virus Bird Project (no. VBP 8942).

Comments

In the original description, Dickerman gave the AMNH number of the holotype and included specimens from the “arid lowlands and interior of Guatemala and adjacent El Salvador.” Also included was USNM 352744 from Los Chilamates. Paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 813903 (VBP 8978), male, 11 August 1971; AMNH 813905 (VBP 8978), female, 10 August 1971; AMNH 813906 (RWD 14367), male, 23 July 1972; AMNH 813907 (RWD 15014), immature female, 4 May 1974; AMNH 813908 (RWD 15092), male, 8 August 1974, all collected at La Avellana by R.W. Dickerman.

This subspecies was not mentioned by Byers et al. (1995: 287), and Dickinson (2003: 786) indicated that he had not found an evaluation of the name since it was proposed. Dickerman (1987b: 81) listed this name, but incorrectly cited the AMNH number as 813954; the correct number is AMNH 813904.

Aimophila botterii vulcanica Miller and Griscom

Aimophila botterii vulcanica Miller and Griscom, 1925: 2 (Volcan Viejo, 4500 ft., Chinandega, Nicaragua).

Now Aimophila botterii vulcanica Miller and Griscom, 1925. See Hellmayr, 1938: 534, Byers et al., 1995: 291–293, Dickinson, 2003: 786–787, and Martínez-Sánchez and Will, 2010: 2–3, 100.

Holotype

AMNH 144624, adult male, collected on Volcán San Cristóbal ( =  Volcan [El] Viejo or Volcan Chinandega, see Seltzer, 1962: 574), 4500 ft, 13.45N, 86.29W (USBGN, 1976), Chinandega, Nicaragua, on 2 June 1917, by W. DeW. Miller (no. 1029).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description and a series of 11 males and two females of vulcanica was examined, including the type. Paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 144623 (W.B. Richardson no. 1028), AMNH 144625 (1030), AMNH 144626 (1031), AMNH 144627 (1040), AMNH 144628 (1041), all males, and AMNH 144629 (1046), female, all collected on Volcán San Cristóbal, between 3800 and 5200 ft, 2–4 June 1917, by W.B. Richardson. The remaining five paratypes are probably in MCZ.

Peucaea ruficeps scottii Sennett

Peucaea ruficeps scottii Sennett, 1888: 42 (Pinal County, Arizona).

Now Aimophila ruficeps scottii (Sennett, 1888). See Hellmayr, 1938: 529–530, Byers et al., 1995: 296–297, Collins, 1999: 4, and Dickinson, 2003: 787.

Syntypes

AMNH 28315, adult male, collected on San Pedro Slope, Pinal County, Arizona, on 14 March 1885, by W.E.D. Scott (no. 1884), from the W.E.D. Scott Collection; and AMNH 83926, adult male, collected on San Pedro Slope, Pinal County, Arizona, on 27 March 1885, by W.E.D. Scott (no. 1979), from the collection of G.B. Sennett (no. 5247).

Comments

Sennett designated the above two specimens as syntypes of scottii in the original description, citing Scott's original field number in each case. Other specimens have no nomenclatural standing (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.6).

Aimophila rufescens gigas Griscom

Aimophila rufescens gigas Griscom, 1930: 9 (Nebaj, 50 miles north of Quiché, alt. about 6700 ft., Guatemala).

Now Aimophila rufescens pectoralis Dickey and van Rossem, 1927. See Hellmayr, 1938: 525–526, Paynter, 1970a: 102, Dickerman, 1987b: 81, Byers et al., 1995: 298–300, and Dickinson, 2003: 787.

Holotype

AMNH 397932, adult male, collected at Nebaj, ca. 6700 ft, 15.24N, 91.08W (USBGN, 1965), 50 mi north of Quiché, Guatemala, on 29 April 1927, by Alfred W. Anthony (no. 5576). From the Jonathan Dwight Collection (no. 62955).

Comments

Griscom cited the Dwight Collection number of the holotype in the original description and listed the localities and number of specimens in his type series. Of the eight localities and 50 specimens listed, including the holotype, the following 37 paratypes are in AMNH: Antigua, AMNH 397904–397906, three males; La Montanita, AMNH 397907, male; Momostenango, AMNH 397908–397910, three males; Chichicastenango, AMNH 397911–397915, four males, one female; Panajachel, AMNH 397916–397928, AMNH 397931, three males, three females, eight immatures; San Lucas, AMNH 397929, AMNH 397933–397938, AMNH 406710, seven males, one female; Nebaj, AMNH 397930, male; Lake Amatitlan, AMNH 399315, AMNH 399316, two males.

For the complete report on this collection, see Griscom (1932b). After its publication and before the collection was cataloged at AMNH, a large number of the specimens were retained at MCZ. The remaining paratypes are probably there.

Phrygilus chloronotus Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Phrygilus chloronotus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1896: 350 (Ingapirca and Tarma).

Now Phrygilus punensis chloronotus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1896. See Hellmayr, 1938: 345–346, Paynter, 1970b: 104, Ridgely and Tudor, 1989: 444–445, and Dickinson, 2003: 788.

Syntypes

AMNH 519840, adult male, collected at Tarma, 11.25S, 75.42W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Junín, Peru, on 16 August 1893; AMNH 519841, immature male, collected at Tarma, Peru, on 30 October 1892, both by J. Kalinowski (nos. 1985 and 1785, respectively). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, no type was designated, Berlepsch and Stolzmann giving their type series as three individuals collected at Ingapirca in June 1890 and six individuals collected at Tarma in October 1892 and August and September 1893. Both of the AMNH specimens were collected within those dates, bear Kalinowski's original labels, and both are marked “Typus.” They had not previously been recognized as types.

Mlíkovský (2009: 30) has recently discussed the list of types in MIZ published by Sztolcman ( =  Stolzmann) and Domaniewski (1927), noting that their listing of a type did not necessarily mean that they were using the term in the sense of the ICZN (1999). In the case of Phrygilus chloronotus, Mlíkovský (2009: 134) did not accept the listing of the type by Sztolcman and Domaniewski (1927: 175) and listed five syntypes of chloronotus that are, or had been, in MIZ, three of which were from Ingapirca and two of which were from Tarma. The above two syntypes account for two additional Tarma specimens.

P. chloronotus was first described as a full species, included as a subspecies of P. gayi by Hellmayr (1938: 345), included as a subspecies of P. atriceps by Paynter (1970b: 104), and, based on information supplied to them by F. Vuilleumier, included in the species P. punensis by Ridgely and Tudor (1989: 444, footnote).

Phrygilus unicolor grandis Chapman

Phrygilus unicolor grandis Chapman, 1915b: 651 (Paramo of Santa Isabel (alt. 12700 ft.), Central Andes, Columbia [sic]).

Now Phrygilus unicolor geospizopsis (Bonaparte, 1853). See Hellmayr, 1938: 354–355, Meyer de Schauensee, 1951: 1098, and Dickinson, 2003: 788.

Holotype

AMNH 112797, adult male, collected at Santa Isabel, 12700 ft, ca. 0447N, 7526W (Paynter, 1997), Quindio Andes, Colombia, on 20 September 1911, by A.A. Allen and L.E. Miller (no. 484).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed 43 specimens from three localities in his type series, including the holotype. The 42 paratypes are: Ecuador, Quito, AMNH 41384; Colombia, Santa Isabel, AMNH 112792–112796, 112798–112807, 11 males, four females, 1 juvenile sex?; Ecuador, Mt. Chimborazo, AMNH 125056–125081, 21 males, five females. Of these, AMNH 112793 and AMNH 112803 were exchanged with Outram Bangs in 1918 and are probably now in MCZ; AMNH 125066 was exchanged with MZUSP in 1917; AMNH 125074 was exchanged with MCZ in 1928. Three specimens were exchanged to BIM in 1923, numbered there, and when the BIM collection was donated to AMNH in 1935, they were renumbered at AMNH. Original AMNH 125067, 125070, and 125078 were given BIM numbers 12582, 12580, and 12581 and were then renumbered AMNH 441631, 441632, and 441630, respectively. I did not find AMNH 112795, 112800, and 125077 in the collection, and they may have been exchanged with other institutions without the catalog having been marked.

See Chapman (1917) for a report on this and other collections from Colombia.

Phrygilus unicolor tucumanus Chapman

Phrygilus unicolor tucumanus Chapman, 1925a: 4 (above Tafi del Valle, 9500 ft., Prov. Tucuman, Argentina).

Now Phrygilus unicolor tucumanus Chapman, 1925. See Hellmayr, 1938: 353, and Dickinson, 2003: 788.

Holotype

AMNH 142463, adult female, collected above Tafi del Valle, 9500 ft, 26.52S, 65.41W (Paynter, 1995), Tucumán, Argentina, on 4 April 1916, by Leo E. Miller and Howarth S. Boyle (no. 15959).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed 17 specimens that he examined, all from the type locality. The 16 paratypes are in AMNH: AMNH 142449–142462, 142465, 142466, collected 1–4 April 1916. AMNH 142464 had been exchanged to BIM in 1923 and returned to AMNH in 1935 when the entire BIM bird collection was donated to AMNH; therefore it was not available to Chapman when he described tucumanus in 1925 and is not a paratype.

Phrygilus alaudinus venturii Hartert

Phrygilus alaudinus venturii Hartert (in Hartert and Venturi) 1909: 180 (Lagunita, Tucuman, 3000 m.).

Now Phrygilus alaudinus venturii Hartert, 1909. See Hellmayr, 1938: 361, Ridgely and Tudor, 1989: 441–442, and Dickinson, 2003: 788.

Holotype

AMNH 519928, adult male, collected at Lagunita, 3000 m, 26.38S, 65.34W (Paynter, 1995), Tucumán, Argentina, on 31 January 1903, by G.A. Baer (no. 1352). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert gave Baer's field number for the holotype, listing four additional males and two females in his type series. Paratypes are: Lagunita, AMNH 519929, female, 4 February 1903, Baer (no. 1378); Las Cienagas, 1903, AMNH 519930, female, 1 February, Venturi (no. 937), AMNH 519931, male, 16 February, Venturi (no. 936), AMNH 519932, male, 19 February, Dinelli (no. 1955); Tafí del Valle, 1905, AMNH 519933, male, 19 February, Dinelli (no. 3458), AMNH 519934, male, 19 February, Dinelli (no. 3459).

Melanodera xanthogramma barrosi Chapman

Melanodera xanthogramma barrosi Chapman, 1923a: 12 (Rio Blanco, 9500 ft., Aconcagua, Chile).

Now Melanodera xanthogramma barrosi Chapman, 1923. See Helllmayr, 1932: 71–72, Jaramillo, 2003: 214–215, and Dickinson, 2003: 788.

Holotype

AMNH 199967, adult male, collected at La Lagunita, ca. 2900 m, Rio Blanco, 32.55S, 70.17W (Paynter, 1988), Cordillera Aconcagua, Chile, on 14 April 1921, by Rafael Barros V.

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. Although Barros (1921: 190, under Phrygilus xanthogrammus) collected seven specimens of this form, Chapman's (1923: 12) type series comprised only the three specimens sent to AMNH. The two paratypes are: AMNH 175858, male, La Lagunita, 14 April 1921; and AMNH 199968, female, La Lagunita, 13 April 1921, both collected by Barros.

Haemophila personata Salvin

Haemophila personata Salvin, 1895: 8 (near Cajamarca).

Now Incaspiza personata (Salvin, 1895). See Hellmayr, 1938: 538, Ridgely and Tudor, 1989: 451, and Dickinson, 2003: 789.

Syntypes

AMNH 100260, female, 12 May; AMNH 518878, male, 14 May; AMNH 518879, male, 14 May; AMNH 518880, female, 15 May; AMNH 518881, female, 14 May; AMNH 518882, female, 12 May, all collected near Cajamarca, 10,000 ft, 07.10S, 78.31W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Cajamarca, Peru, in 1894, by O.T. Baron. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Salvin did not designate a type in the original description, but noted that his report on Baron's 1894 collection was based on specimens in both his own collection and in Rothschild's (Salvin, 1895: 1). AMNH 518879 was marked “Co-type” by Salvin. Additional syntypes are in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 430). AMNH 100260 was exchanged to AMNH by Rothschild in 1907; AMNH 518881 was exchanged to Javier Ortiz de la Puente, MHNJP, in February 1952 and may have been in return for the type of Incaspiza ortizi (see below). These specimens had not previously been recognized as types.

Incaspiza ortizi J.T. Zimmer

Incaspiza ortizi J.T. Zimmer, 1952: 103 (near La Esperanza, Dept. Cajamarca, Perú; altitude 1,800 meters).

Now Incaspiza ortizi J.T. Zimmer, 1952. See Paynter, 1970b: 116, Ridgely and Tudor, 1989: 452, and Dickinson, 2003: 789.

Holotype

AMNH 748395, female, collected near La Esperanza, 1800 m, 06.36S, 78.54W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Cajamarca, Peru, on 24 April 1951, by Javier Ortiz de la Puente.

Comments

Zimmer had the single specimen.The original label on this specimen is printed “Museo de Historia Natural ‘Javier Prado’” (MHNJP) and bears the number M.H.N. 56.

Haemophila laeta Salvin

Haemophila laeta Salvin, 1895: 8 (Cajabamba (9,000 feet), Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), Chusgon, Huamachuco (8,500 feet), Cajamarca (9,000 feet), Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet).

Now Incaspiza laeta (Salvin, 1895). See Hellmayr, 1938: 538, Ridgely and Tudor, 1989: 452, and Dickinson, 2003: 789.

Syntypes

AMNH 100259, male, Malca ( =  Malea), ca. 07.35S, 78.09W (Vaurie, 1972), Cajamarca, 24 April; AMNH 518868, female, Chusgon, 8500 ft, ca. 07.50S, 77.55W (Vaurie, 1972), La Libertad, February; AMNH 518869, male, Viñas ( =  Vina), 07.57S, 77.38W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), La Libertad, March; AMNH 518870, male, Malca, 17 April; AMNH 518871, male, Malca, 18 April; AMNH 518872, male, Malca, 27 April; AMNH 518873, male, Cajamarca, 9000 ft, 07.10S, 78.31W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), 30 March, all collected in Peru in 1894 by O.T. Baron. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Salvin did not designate a type in the original description, but specimens covered in his paper included Baron's 1894 specimens in both his and Rothschild's collections (Salvin, 1895: 1). AMNH 100259 was exchanged to AMNH by Rothschild in 1907; AMNH 518872 was exchanged to Maria Koepcke, MHNJP, in January 1971. AMNH 518873 is marked “Co-type” by Salvin. There are other syntypes in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 289). These specimens had not previously been recognized as types.

Incaspiza watkinsi Chapman

Incaspiza watkinsi Chapman, 1925a: 3 (Perico, arid Tropical Zone; Rio Chinchipe).

Now Incaspiza watkinsi Chapman, 1925. See Hellmayr, 1938: 539, and Dickinson, 2003: 789.

Holotype

AMNH 182239, adult male, collected at Perico, 05.15S, 78.45W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Cajamarca, Rio Chinchipe, northern Peru, on 15 August 1923, by Harry Watkins (no. 7668).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, his type series comprising one male and five females. The five female paratypes, all from Perico and collected 13–15 August 1923, are: AMNH 182234 (Watkins no. 7663), AMNH 182235 (7666), AMNH 182236 (7665), AMNH 182237 (7667), and AMNH 182238 (7669).

Poospiza alticola Salvin

Poospiza alticola Salvin, 1895: 7 (Huamachuco (10,400 feet)).

Now Poospiza alticola Salvin, 1895. See Hellmayr, 1938: 618, and Dickinson, 2003: 790.

Syntype

AMNH 518428, adult male, collected at Huamachuco, 10,400 ft, 07.48S, 78.04W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), La Libertad, Peru, in February 1894, by O.T. Baron. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Salvin did not designate types in the original description but noted (Salvin, 1895: 1) that he and Rothschild had both received specimens of birds collected by Baron in northern Peru in the first half of 1894 and that “the present paper is intended to give some account of the two sets of skins.” Salvin (1895: 2) also commented that his collection contained specimens of all of the species listed, but those prefixed by an asterisk were also represented in the Rothschild Collection. The description of Poospiza alticola is prefixed by an asterisk and the above specimen is considered a syntype of the name; it had not previously been so recognized. There are also syntypes in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 20).

Pseudochloris citrina antioquiae Chapman

Pseudochloris citrina antioquiae Chapman, 1917: 571 (Barro Blanco (7200 ft.), Antioquia, Colombia).

Now Sicalis citrina browni Bangs, 1898. See Hellmayr, 1938: 308, Meyer de Schauensee, 1951: 1096, and Dickinson, 2003: 790.

Holotype

AMNH 134194, adult male, collected at Barro Blanco, 7200 ft, ca. 0615N, 75.23W (Paynter, 1997), Antioquia, Colombia, on 29 November 1914, by Leo E. Miller (no. 10317) and Howarth S. Boyle.

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, giving his type series as three adult males and two adult females. The four paratypes, all collected at Barro Blanco in 1914 by Miller and Boyle, are: males, AMNH 134192, AMNH 134193, 27 November; females, AMNH 134195, AMNH 134196, 29 November.

Chapman (1917: 58–68) gave details of the expedition to the Antioquia region.

Pseudochloris sharpei Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Pseudochloris sharpei Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894: 386 (in Peruvia centrali (Junin et Ingapirca)).

Now Sicalis uropygialis sharpei (Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894). See Hellmayr, 1938: 311, and Dickinson, 2003: 790.

Syntypes

AMNH 519793, adult male, collected at Cerro Incapirca ( =  Icaperia, as on label), 11.00S, 76.12W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Junín, Peru, on 13 May 1890; and AMNH 519794, adult male, collected at Cerro Incapirca, Junín, Peru, on 23 May 1890, both by J. Kalinowski (nos. 512 and 565, respectively). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Mlíkovský (2009: 135) noted that six of the original 11 syntypes are in MIZ. A check of the AMNH collection turned up these two additional syntypes. Both are marked “Typus.”

Pseudochloris olivascens sordida Chapman

Pseudochloris olivascens sordida Chapman, 1919b: 330 (Ticara [sic], alt. 8000 ft., Prov. Jujuy, Argentina).

Now Sicalis olivascens olivascens (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837). See Hellmayr, 1938: 316, Paynter, 1970b: 125, and Dickinson, 2003: 790.

Holotype

AMNH 142237, adult male, collected at Tilcara, 8000 ft, 23.34S, 65.22W (Paynter, 1995), Jujuy, Argentina, on 10 February 1916, by Leo E. Miller (no. 15396) and Howarth S. Boyle.

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and examined two adult males and five adult females from the type locality. The six paratypes, all collected at Tilcara 8–12 February 1916 by Miller and Boyle, are: AMNH 142233 (Miller no. 15378), female; AMNH 142234 (15379), female; AMNH 142235 (15375), male; AMNH 142236 (15331), female; AMNH 142238 (15468), [female]; AMNH 142239 (15453), female.

Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr

Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr, 1906a: 85 (Central Brazil: S. Leopoldina, Rio Araguay, province of Goiaz).

Now Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr, 1906. See Hellmayr, 1938: 318, and Dickinson, 2003: 791.

Holotype

AMNH 516564, adult male collected at Aruaña ( =  Santa Leopoldina), 14.54S, 51.05W (Paynter and Traylor, 1991), Rio Araguaia ( =  Araguay), Goiás, Brazil, on 15 August 1888, by K. von den Steinen (no. 100). From the Berlepsch Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hellmayr gave the collector's field number of the holotype in the original description. Male and female were both described, but Hellmayr gave no indication of the size of his type series. There is one paratype at AMNH: AMNH 516565, female, collected at the type locality on the same date by the same collector (bearing both the nos. 86 and 87). AMNH 516563, adult male, Rio Araguaia, Goiás, collected in June 1906 by G.A. Baer is not a paratype, as the description was published in May.

K. von den Steinen's name does not appear on any of the labels; rather the collector's name on the Berlepsch label is “Dr. Ehrenreich.” Hartert (1919: 160) credits both as the collectors.

Sicalis flaveola holti Miller

Sicalis flaveola holti Miller, 1925: 254 (Monte Serrat, 2,700 feet, Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo [sic], Brazil).

Now Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789). See Hellmayr, 1938: 323–324, Paynter, 1970b: 126–127, and Dickinson, 2003: 791.

Holotype

AMNH 189299, adult female, collected on Pico das Agulhas Negras ( =  Monte Serrat, 2700 ft, Serra do Itatiaia), 22.23S, 44.38W (Paynter and Traylor, 1991), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on 22 December 1921, by Ernest G. Holt (no. 136).

Comments

Miller gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description; a typographical error in the description listed it as a male, but Miller's only two specimens from the type locality were adult females. Eleven specimens comprised the type series. Specimens that would have been available to Miller in 1925 are those from the Lawrence Collection and those collected by Rollo H. Beck in Bahia in 1916, as well as the additional female collected by Holt on Monte Serrat. The 10 paratypes are: Lawrence Collection, Bahia: immature [female], AMNH 41863; adult, AMNH 41864; Brazil, AMNH 41867 [female]. Beck collection, Bahia: males, AMNH 163560 (Beck no. 5841), 4 July; AMNH 163561 (5718), 2 June; AMNH 163562 (5732), 9 June; juvenile [male], AMNH 163563 (5133), 9 June; females, AMNH 163564 (5817), 22 June; AMNH 163565 (5751), 10 June. Monte Serrat, AMNH 189300, female, 29 December 1921, by Holt (no. 193).

Holt (1928) wrote a full report on his collecting in the Serra do Itatiaia and called attention to the fact that his collecting locality was in the state of Rio de Janeiro, not São Paulo, as had been given by Miller (Holt, 1928: 253, 316).

Sicalis luteiventris bogotensis Chapman

Sicalis luteiventris bogotensis Chapman, 1924: 14 (Savanna of Bogotá, Colombia).

Now Sicalis luteola bogotensis Chapman, 1924. See Hellmayr, 1938: 334–335, and Dickinson, 2003: 791.

Holotype

AMNH 122768, adult male, collected in the Savanna of Bogota, 04.36N, 74.05W (Paynter, 1997), Colombia, on 19 February 1913, by Frank M.Chapman, George K. Cherrie, and others.

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, listing his type series of 19 specimens, including the holotype; all of them were collected in 1913. The 12 paratypes from near Bogota comprised six adult male, five adult female, and one juvenile: Savanna of Bogota: AMNH 122765, [female], 18 February; AMNH 122766, male juvenile, 19 February; AMNH 122767, female, 19 February, all collected by Chapman et al. Cundinamarca: AMNH 126708, male, 10 June; AMNH 126709, male, 22 May; AMNH 126710, female, 22 April; AMNH 126711, female, 10 June; AMNH 126712, male, 22 June; AMNH 126713, female, 23 June, all collected by M. Gonzales on an AMNH expedition. Three male paratypes are unaccounted for, and they may have been among specimens borrowed from other institutions by Chapman (1924: 1). The Ecuadorian paratypes included the following: Valle de Cumbaya, AMNH 125015, male, 23 May; AMNH 125016, male, 22 May; AMNH 125017, male, 22 May; AMNH 125018, male, 22 May, all collected by W.B. Richardson. The following two specimens are probably also paratypes, although Chapman (1924: 15) listed them as females: Mt. Pichincha, AMNH 125019, male, 12 June; AMNH 155067, male, 14 June, both collected by Richardson. Of these specimens AMNH 125016 was exchanged to ANSP in 1928, AMNH 125019 was exchanged to MCZ, and AMNH 126711 was exchanged to the Colección Phelps in 1945.

Chapman (1917: 50–58) gave details of this expedition and others to Colombia sponsored by AMNH.

Emberizoides macrourus hypochondriacus Hellmayr

Emberizoides macrourus hypochondriacus Hellmayr, 1906b: 28 (Frances, Volcano of Chiriqui, 2000 ft.).

Now Emberizoides herbicola hypochondriacus Hellmayr, 1906. See Hartert 1919: 162, Hellmayr, 1938: 613, Paynter, 1970b: 129, Wetmore et al., 1984: 616–618, and Dickinson, 2003: 791.

Holotype

AMNH 519760, adult male, collected at Francés, 08.37N, 82.25W (Siegel and Olson, 2008), Volcano of Chiriqui, 2000 ft, Panama, on 11 November 1905, by H. Watson. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hellmayr cited the number, 110511, of the holotype in the original description. This number is written on both the original label and on the Rothschild label and is apparently a modified date and does not represent the collector's field number. Hartert (1919: 162), in listing this type, referred to the number as “110,511,” but it is not a catalog number as the Rothschild Collection was never cataloged. Hellmayr had a type series of nine specimens, including males, females, and young, collected by Watson near Francés in October and November 1905; the implication was that they were all in the Rothschild Collection. However, only five of the eight paratypes came to AMNH with that collection: AMNH 519761, male; AMNH 519762, male; AMNH 519763, female; AMNH 519764, male; AMNH 519765, female.

Emberizoides sphenurus floresae Griscom

Emberizoides sphenurus floresae Griscom, 1924a: 8 (Cerro Flores, 3600 ft., eastern Chiriqui, Panama).

Now Emberizoides herbicola hypochondriacus Hellmayr, 1906. See Hellmayr, 1938: 613, Wetmore et al., 1984: 616–618, and Dickinson, 2003: 791.

Holotype

AMNH 182964, female, collected on Cerro Flores, 3600 ft, Chiriqui, Panama, on 18 March 1924, by Ludlow Griscom and Rex R. Benson.

Comments

Griscom had the single specimen, for which he gave the AMNH number in the original description. His type locality of Cerro Flores is discussed in depth by Siegel and Olson (2008: 168); they conclude that it may be the Cerro Flores that lies 4 km SSW of Cerro Santiago, 08.33N, 81.44W, and 4 km NNE of Hato Chamí, 08.27N, 81.46W. Wetmore et al. (1984: 616–618) discussed this holotype, considering it to be in “non-adult” plumage, and synonymized floresae with E. h. hypochondriacus; Hellmayr (1938: 613) had also questioned its validity. Dickinson (2003: 791) recognized floresae, without comment.

Griscom (1924b) wrote a popular article about this expedition.

Emberizoides duidae Chapman

Emberizoides duidae Chapman, 1929b: 25 (Savanna Hills, Mt. Duida, Venezuela; 4400 ft.).

Now Emberizoides duidae Chapman, 1929. See Hellmayr, 1938: 612–613, Paynter, 1970: 130, Ridgely and Tudor, 1989: 471, and Dickinson, 2003: 791.

Holotype

AMNH 245937, adult male, collected on summit of Savanna Hills, 4400 ft, ca. 03.25N, 65.38W (Paynter, 1982), Mount Duida, Amazonas, Venezuela, on 2 February 1929, by George H.H. Tate on the Tyler Duida Expedition (no. 5965).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, noting that he had examined four males and one female from the type locality. Only four specimens were cataloged at AMNH, and there is no record in the catalog of a male specimen collected at 4700 ft. The following three specimens are paratypes: AMNH 271605, male, 4400 ft; AMNH 271606, male, 5100 ft; AMNH 271607, female, 6700 ft. Of these three, AMNH 271606 was exchanged to Colección Phelps, Caracas, probably before the description of this taxon was actually published, as Chapman (1929b: 26) only gave measurements of the two males from 4400 ft and the female from 6700 ft.

Hellmayr (1938: 612–613) recognized duidae as a subspecies of E. herbicola and considered it an altitudinal subspecies; this was followed by Paynter (1970b: 130). Ridgely and Tudor (1989: 471) and Dickinson (2003: 791) considered duidae a full species.

Chapman (1931) compared the higher altitude avifaunas of mounts Roraima and Duida and E. duidae is illustrated in figure 26, p. 41. See Tate and Hitchcock (1930) for a report on the Mt. Duida area.

Volatinia jacarini pacifica Chapman

Volatinia jacarini pacifica Chapman, 1924: 11 (Trujillo, Prov. La Libertad, Peru).

Now Volatinia jacarina peruviensis (Peale, 1848). See Hellmayr, 1938: 255–256, and Dickinson, 2003: 791.

Holotype

AMNH 152677, adult male, collected at Trujillo, 350 ft, 08.07S, 79.02W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), La Libertad, Peru, on 11 April 1919, by Harry Watkins.

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed a large number of specimens of pacifica examined. The paratypes are the following: Peru, Huaral, AMNH 152608–152642, 12 males, 11 immature males, 12 females; Huacho, AMNH 152643–152653, six adult males, three immature males, two females; Sayan, AMNH 152654, 152655, two immature males;Vitarte, AMNH 152656–152670, nine males, two immature males, four females; Trujillo, AMNH 152671–152676, 152678–152681, five adult males, two immature males, three immature females; Poroto, AMNH 152682, one adult male; Viru, AMNH 152683–152688, four adult males, two females; Paletillas, AMNH 152689, one female; Lima, AMNH 166117–166121, 166136, five adult males, one immature male; Moquegua, AMNH 170633–170635, one adult male, two females; Cocachacra, AMNH 170636, one female; Vitor, AMNH 170637–170639, one immature male, two females; Perico, Rio Chinchipe, AMNH 182217, 182218, two males. Ecuador, Chone, AMNH 120165–120167, two immature males, one female; Puna Island, AMNH 124984–124988, 3 adult males, two females; Daule, AMNH 124989, 124990, one male, one female; Guayaquil, AMNH 124991, 130257, 130258, two adult males, one female; Santa Rosa, AMNH 130259, 130260, 172349–172355, four males, two immature males, three females; Rio Pindo, AMNH 168102, one male; Duran, AMNH 168104, one juvenile male; Bucay, AMNH 172340–172347, eight, all cataloged as males; Chongoncito, AMNH 172348, one juvenile male; Portovelo, AMNH 168103, 172356, 172357, two juvenile males, one female. Of these, AMNH 124986 from Puna Island and AMNH 172340, 172343, and 172347 were exchanged to MCZ in 1928. I did not find a specimen from Palamba, Peru, in the catalog or in the collection.

For relationships among species of Sporophila and Oryzoborus based on mtDNA sequence data, see Lijtmaer et al. (2004).

Spermophila schistacea Lawrence

Spermophila schistacea Lawrence, 1862: 474 (New Granada).

Now Sporophila schistacea schistacea (Lawrence, 1862). See Hellmayr, 1938: 174–175, Wetmore et al., 1984: 563–564; and Dickinson, 2003: 791–792.

Holotype

AMNH 41269, adult male, collected near Lion Hill, ca. 09.13N, 79.54W (Siegel and Olson, 2008), Panama ( =  New Granada), in 1862, by James McLeannan. From the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

Apparently, Lawrence had the single specimen. He (Lawrence, 1862: 474) first proposed the name for no. 341 of his list, a specimen that he questionably identified with Spermophila cinerea Lafresnaye but listed the differences between no. 341 and that species. Lawrence (1863: 10) referred to his earlier description, and having satisfied himself that it was distinct, accepted the name.

Lion Hill (Wetmore et al., 1984: 563–564) is the usually accepted type locality, as McLeannan was the station master at the Lion Hill station of the Panama railway that ran across the Isthmus. Most of his collecting was done on the Atlantic side.

Spermophila intermedia insularis Gilliard

Spermophila intermedia insularis Gilliard, 1946: 571 (Princestown, Trinidad).

Now Sporophila intermedia intermedia Cabanis, 1851. See Paynter, 1970b: 135, Stiles, 1996, and Dickinson, 2003: 792.

Holotype

AMNH 59106, adult male, collected at Princestown, 10.16N, 61.23W (Times Atlas), Trinidad, on 1 March 1893, by Frank M. Chapman (no. 2758).

Comments

Gilliard cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and based his description on adult males only, of which he listed 14 from Trinidad (Gilliard, 1946: 574). The 13 paratypes are: “Trinidad,” AMNH 41265; Princestown, AMNH 59105; Caparo, AMNH 514427–514431; Valencia, AMNH 514432, 514437; Leelet, AMNH 514433, 514434; Point Gourde, AMNH 514435; and Chaguaramas, AMNH 514436. Gilliard (1946: 574) said that the two males he listed from Princestown included the type; however, there are three specimens collected by Chapman in Princestown in 1903. The label on the third specimen, AMNH 59107, is stamped “First Series,” which indicates that it was part of the reference series that Zimmer had separated out from the main collection to use while working on Peruvian birds. This series was in active use by Zimmer in 1946, when this form was named, and it is possible that Gilliard did not see it. I have not considered AMNH 59107 a paratype of insularis.

Spermophila intermedia bogotensis Gilliard

Spermophila intermedia bogotensis Gilliard, 1946: 572 (Las Lomitas, Cauca, Colombia).

Now Sporophila intermedia bogotensis (Gilliard, 1946). See Paynter, 1970b: 135, Stiles, 1996, and Dickinson, 2003: 792.

Holotype

AMNH 108411, adult male, collected at Las Lomitas, 5000 ft, 03.38N, 76.38W (Paynter, 1997), Valle del Cauca, Colombia, on 6 March 1911, by W.B. Richardson.

Comments

Gilliard cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed his type series (Gilliard, 1946: 574) of 15 adult males from Colombia. Paratypes are: Caldas, AMNH 107350; east of Palmyra, AMNH 109188, 109189; Popayan, AMNH 109991; Chicoral, AMNH 112715; Andalucia, AMNH 117038–117040; near San Augustin, AMNH 117042; Honda, AMNH 95108, 122696; Yeononzo, Bogota region, AMNH 132275; Media Luna, AMNH 514438, 514439; and Medellin, AMNH 514440. AMNH 122696 is slightly aberrant, with one white primary in each wing.

[Fringilla plumbea Wied]

Allen (1889b: 223) did not find a type specimen in AMNH of Fringilla plumbea Wied (1830: 579) nor did he find the name listed in Wied's manuscript catalog. I also did not find any Wied specimens of plumbea. It was said by Wied to be common in the Campo Geral of Brazil. Now: Sporophila plumbea plumbea (Wied, 1830).

Spermophila fortipes Lawrence

Spermophila fortipes Lawrence, 1865b: 171 (New Granada, line of Panama Railroad).

Now considered part of a population intermediate between Sporophila corvina corvina and S. c. hicksii. See Hellmayr, 1938: 191, Olson, 1981b, Stiles, 1996, and Dickinson, 2003: 792.

Holotype

AMNH 41303, adult male, collected in 1862 by James McLeannan, presumably near the Lion Hill station of the Panama railway, where he was the stationmaster. From the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

Lawrence had the single specimen that he considered fortipes. Hellmayr (1938: 191) considered fortipes a synonym of what he called Sporophila a. aurita. Olson (1981b) studied “aurita” specimens at length, considering them an intergrading population between S. americana corvina and S. a. hicksii. He examined Lawrence's type of fortipes and it fell at HI 2 on his hybrid index of 0 ( =  pure corvina) to 5 ( =  pure hicksii). Stiles (1996) agreed with Olson concerning the hybrid origin of the central Panamanian birds, but elevated corvina to full species status. Dickinson (2003: 792) accepted corvina as an allospecies of Sporophila and recognized both S. c. corvina and S. c. hicksii.

Siegel and Olson (2008) discussed this type locality and place it at ca. 09.13N, 79.54W.

Spermophila semicollaris Lawrence

Spermophila semicollaris Lawrence, 1863: 10 (along the line of the Panama Railroad).

Now considered part of a population intermediate between Sporophila corvina corvina and S. c. hicksii. See Hellmayr, 1938: 191, Olson, 1981b, Stiles, 1996, and Dickinson, 2003: 972.

Syntypes

AMNH 41301, male, and AMNH 41302, female, collected along the line of the Panama railroad, in late 1860 or early 1861, by James McLeannan and John R. Galbraith. From the Lawrence Collection.

Comments

In Part II of Lawrence's (1861b: 333) Catalogue, he listed at no. 276, male and female, which he tentatively identified as Spermophila aurita and noted (on pp. 315–316) that the collection was made “during the past winter” by McLeannan and Galbraith, mostly on the Atlantic slope of the Isthmus. The exceptions to an Atlantic slope locality did not include no. 276. In the original description, Lawrence (1863: 10) described both male and female, and the above specimens are the only two specimens that Lawrence identified as semicollaris.

Spermophila semicollaris was synonymized with Sporophila aurita aurita by Hellmayr (1938: 191). Olson (1981b) found the male syntype of semicollaris to fall at HI 2 on his hybrid index and considered it part of the stable hybrid population he referred to as “auritis.”As was the case with fortipes, above, both Olson and Stiles (1996) considered semicollaris to be an intergrade between corvina and hicksii in what is now the species Sporophila corvina.

Sporophila aurita murallae Chapman

Sporophila aurita murallae Chapman, 1915b: 649 (La Muralla (alt. 600 ft.), Caquetá, Colombia).

Now Sporophila murallae Chapman, 1915. See Hellmayr, 1938: 193–194, Stiles, 1996, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 636.

Holotype

AMNH 117054, adult male, collected at Morelia ( =  La Muralla and Murelia, as on field label), 600 ft, 01.31N, 75.41W (Paynter, 1997), Rio Bodoquera, Caquetá, Colombia, on 11 July 1912, by Leo E. Miller (no. 3605).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and based his description on three males from Morelia. The two paratypes are: AMNH 117052 and 117053, both collected by Miller on 12 July 1912. AMNH 117053 was exchanged to BMNH in May 1921.

Hellmayr (1938: 193) considered murallae a subspecies of S. aurita. Stiles (1996) discussed this form at length and suggested (Stiles, 1996: 103) that murallae be considered an allospecies in the superspecies americana. This was followed by Dickinson (2003: 792). Chapman (1917) published his major work on the distribution of birds in Colombia and included a report on this expedition by L. Miller. In this, he (Chapman, 1917: 48) correctly spelled the type locality, and Stiles (1996: 104) later called attention to the misspelling.

[Spermophila albigularis]

See S. m. sharpei, below, for a discussion of this specimen.

Sporophila morelleti sharpei Lawrence

Sporophila morelleti sharpei Lawrence, 1889: 53 (Lomita, Texas).

Now Sporophila torqueola sharpei Lawrence, 1889. See Hellmayr, 1938: 188–189, Eitniear, 1997, and Dickinson, 2003: 792.

Syntypes

AMNH 84610, adult male, 21 July 1880, and AMNH 84611, female, 19 March 1880, both collected at Lomita, Texas. From the George B. Sennett Collection (nos. 2160 and 2154, respectively).

Comments

In the original description, Lawrence said that he had been loaned specimens of this new form by Sennett and that the types were in AMNH. Both of the above Sennett specimens bear an added label, written by Lawrence and marked “Type” by him. In his description, Lawrence detailed the history of the nomenclature of this form from Texas: In 1851, he (Lawrence, 1851c: 124) had attributed an immature male specimen, collected at Brownsville, Texas, by J.P. McCown, to Spermophila albigularis (Spix). Various subsequent authors had decided it should be included in S. morelleti or in S. parva; but Lawrence (1889: 53), being dissatisfied with any of these identifications, provided the name S. m. sharpei. In the description, he did not mention the immature male plumage of the original McCown specimen, considering only adult males and females.

The Sennett Collection was deposited in AMNH in 1884 (but not purchased until 1903 or 1904), so Lawrence knew that his types were housed at AMNH. Because Lawrence designated syntypes in the original description of sharpei, other Lomita specimens in Sennett's Collection have no nomenclatural standing.

Also in the AMNH type collection is McCown's Brownsville specimen, AMNH 41296, bearing a type label. However, someone has marked through “Type” and replaced it with “Original.” This is correct, as Lawrence had no intention of providing a new name in 1851, and the specimen is not part of Lawrence's type series of sharpei and has no nomenclatural standing. It remains in the type collection with an added label to explain its presence.

Sporophila morelleti mutanda Griscom

Sporophila morelleti mutanda Griscom, 1930: 7 (Hacienda California, near Ocos, Pacific slope, western Guatemala).

Now Sporophila torqueola mutanda Griscom, 1930. See Hellmayr, 1938: 188, Paynter, 1970b: 138, and Dickinson, 2003: 792.

Holotype

AMNH 397557, adult male, collected at Hacienda California, 14.33N, 92.10W (USBGN, 1965), near Ocós, Pacific slope, western Guatemala, on 9 June 1926, by Alfred W. Anthony (no. 3962). From the Dwight Collection (no. 63845).

Comments

Griscom cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and noted that he examined 35 specimens from the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. Part of this Guatemalan collection was retained at MCZ, the remainder being cataloged at AMNH. There are, in addition to the holotype, 27 paratypes of mutanda, all so labeled and initialed by Griscom: Finca El Cipres, AMNH 397543, 397545–397552, five males and four females; Carolina, AMNH 397553–397555, two males and one female; Hacienda California, AMNH 397556, 397558–397564, 397566, 397567, 397570–397572, nine males and four females; Ochos, AMNH 397568, 397569, one male and one female.

[Fringilla atricapilla Wied]

Allen (1889b: 224) did not find a type of F. atricapilla Wied (1830: 569) in AMNH, nor was it listed in Wied's catalog. I also did not find a Wied specimen in the collection. Hellmayr (1938: 197) considered the name a synonym of Sporophila c. collaris (Boddaert, 1783).

[Fringilla melanocephala Wied]

Allen (1889b: 223) did not find a type of F. melanocephala Wied (1830: 577) in AMNH, although he did find the name listed in Wied's manuscript catalog. I also did not find a type specimen. Hellmayr (1938: 205) considered the name a synonym of Sporophila n. nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823).

[Fringilla leucopogon Wied]

Neither Allen (1889b: 223) nor I found a type of F. leucopogon Wied (1830: 572) in AMNH. Allen (1889b: 223) found both male and female listed in Wied's manuscript catalog, but in the original description, Wied (1830: 574) said that he had seen only the male and that he had come across it first in the region of Rio de Janiero, where he collected it on the Guajintibo River. Hellmayr (1938: 201) considered the name a synonym of Sporophila c. caerulescens (Vieillot, 1817).

[Fringilla rufirostris Wied]

Allen (1889b: 223) did not find a type of F. rufirostris (Wied, 1830: 581) in AMNH, nor did I. In the original description, Wied (1830: 584) questioned his new name, saying that it differed only in bill color from Pyrrhula cinerea [cinereola?] Temm. and that his birds were perhaps younger. Hellmayr (1938: 181) considered the name a synonym of Sporophila leucoptera cinereola (Temminck, 1820).

Sporophila hypoleuca clara Cherrie

Sporophila hypoleuca clara Cherrie, 1916a: 188 (San Lorenzo River (below the mouth of the Cuyabá), Matto Grosso).

Now Sporophila leucoptera leucoptera (Vieillot, 1817). See Naumburg, 1930: 344–345, Hellmayr, 1938: 182, Dickinson, 2003: 793, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 637–638.

Holotype

AMNH 128119, adult male, collected on the Rio São Lourenço ( =  San Lorenzo River), 17.53S, 57.27W (Paynter and Traylor, 1991), between its mouth and the mouth of the Rio Cuiabá ( =  Cuyaba River), 17.05S, 56.36W (Paynter and Traylor, 1991), Mato Grosso/Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, on 2 January 1914, by George K. Cherrie (no. 17624) on the Roosevelt–Rondon Expedition.

Comments

Cherrie cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. Two additional specimens are paratypes: AMNH 128120, immature male, and AMNH 128121, female, both collected at the same place and on the same day by Cherrie. Because Cherrie was doubtful about the inclusion in clara of the immature male specimen collected by H.H. Smith, said to be similar to clara but browner, it is not part of the type series (ICZN, 1999: 76, Art. 72.4.1).

[Fringilla pyrrhomelas Wied]

Allen (1889b: 222) listed four Wied specimens of F. pyrrhomelas Wied, 1830: AMNH 4601, 4602, 6769, and 6770, and these bear AMNH type labels. However, Wied (1830: 586) did not introduce this name, but was using the name Pyrrhula pyrrhomelas Vieillot, 1823, for his birds: “Vieillot hat diese Species unter der Benennung Pyrrhula pyrrhomelas beschrieben. Spix's Abbildung ist schlecht, die Gestalt verfehlt, die Farben zu matt, auch passt die Benennung brevirostris auf mehrere ähnliche kleine Gimpel in demselben Grade, wesshalb ich den Namen des Vieillot beibehalte.” (Wied, 1830: 591). Therefore, by using Fringilla pyrrhomelas, Wied was merely introducing a new combination by including pyrrhomelas in the genus Fringilla.

Allen (1889b: 222) considered this name a synonym of Sporophila nigroaurantia (Boddaert, 1783), but Hellmayr (1904: 520) designated Bahia, Brazil, the type locality of Loxia bouvreuil P.L.S. Mueller, 1776, and considered it the oldest name for the form. The current name is Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil. These four specimens have no type standing but because they bear Allen's AMNH type labels, they.are retained in the type collection with an annotation on the labels.

Sporophila insulata Chapman

Sporophila insulata Chapman, 1921a: 12 (Tumaco, southwestern Colombia).

Now Sporophila telasco (Lesson, 1828). See Hellmayr, 1938: 214, Stiles, 2004, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 637, 698.

Holotype

AMNH 118142, adult male, collected on Tumaco Island, 01.48N, 78.47W (Paynter, 1997), Nariño, western Colombia, on 28 July 1912, by William B. Richardson.

Comments

In the original description, Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype, listing the three paratypes that he examined. Paratypes are: AMNH 118141, 118143, males, considered immature by Chapman, and AMNH 118144, female, all collected on Tumaco Island, on 28 July 1912.

Until recently considered a full (Dickinson, 2003: 793), and perhaps endangered, species, Sporophila insulata was studied by Stiles (2004) on Bocagrande Island. His conclusion was that insulata is best considered a subspecies or color morph of S. telasco, with further study needed to determine which.

[Fringilla crassirostris Wied]

No specimens were found in AMNH by Allen (1889b: 222) or by me. Wied (1830: 564) introduced Fringilla crassirostris and (p. 566) noted that he found it on the Rio Espirito Santo and at Caravellas. F. crassirostris of Wied was found to be different from and junior to Loxia crassirostris Gmelin, 1789. Cabanis (1851: 151, footnote) provided the new name Oryzoborus Maximiliani. Hellmayr (1938: 240) recognized the form as Oryzoborus crassirostris maximiliani Cabanis, 1851, accepting Gmelin's name for the species.

See Dickinson et al. (2011: 80–81) for the dating of Cabanis (1851).

Oryzoborus angolensis brevirostris Berlepsch

Oryzoborus angolensis brevirostris Berlepsch, 1908: 119 (Cayenne).

Now Oryzoborus angolensis angolensis (Linnaeus, 1766). See Hartert, 1919: 154, Hellmayr, 1938: 246–247, Olson, 1981a, Dickinson, 2003: 793, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 634.

Holotype

AMNH 514185, adult male, collected at Cayenne, French Guiana, on 22 November 1902, by George K. Cherrie and Benjamin T. Gault. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Berlepsch designated as type the male specimen collected at Cayenne on 22 November 1902, and bearing Cherrie's number 862. Unfortunately, Cherrie's number is blotted, but doesn't appear to have been 862. However, the specimen is the only one collected on 22 November 1902 and is the holotype. It bears a Rothschild type label on which Hartert has written “862,” but when this was listed by Hartert (1919: 154) in his list of types in the Rothschild Collection, it was misprinted “882,” as was the page number (not 115) on which Berlepsch's description appeared.

In the original description, Berlepsch also listed the ten specimens he examined, giving the Cherrie field numbers. Seven of the nine paratypes came to AMNH: Cayenne, AMNH 514186 (Cherrie no. 948), male, 27 November; AMNH 514187 (885), male, 24 November; Roche-Marie, AMNH 514188 (537), male, 5 November; AMNH 514189 (675), male, 10 November; AMNH 514190 (706), immature male, 11 November; AMNH 514191 (720), male, 12 November; and AMNH 514192 (749), female, 13 November, all collected in 1902. Of these, I was unable to find AMNH 514186 in the collection. Cherrie's numbers of the paratypes that did not come to AMNH are 632 and 795.

Hellmayr (1938: 247) synonymized brevirostris with O. a. torridus. Olson (1981a) synonymized torridus with nominate angolensis, and most recent authors have followed him; his merging the genus Oryzoborus with Sporophila has not been widely followed, but see Lijtmaer et al. (2004). Ridgely and Tudor (2009: 634) considered O. angolensis monotypic.

Amaurospiza concolor grandior Griscom

Amaurospiza concolor grandior Griscom, 1934: 414 (Peña Blanca, humid Caribbean forest of eastern Nicaragua).

Now Amaurospiza concolor concolor Cabanis, 1861. See Hellmayr, 1938: 237, Paynter, 1970b: 151, and Dickinson, 2003: 794.

Holotype

AMNH 103811, adult male, collected at Peñas Blancas ( =  Peña Blanca), Jinotega, Nicaragua, on 5 June 1929, by William B. Richardson.

Comments

Griscom cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, noting that his type series comprised three males and one female from Peñas Blancas and Rio Tuma and “the adult male in the British Museum from Paraiso, Canal Zone.” The three paratypes in AMNH are: Rio Tuma, AMNH 102649, 102650, adult males, both collected on 29 November 1907; and Peñas Blancas, AMNH 103812, female, 6 June 1929.

Griscom (1934: 414) noted that the type locality was in the humid, Caribbean forest of eastern Nicaraugua. However, Howell (in Martínez-Sánchez and Will, 2010: 99) found that it was in the State of Jinotega, in the central highland region (see maps on pp. xii and xiii in that publication). It is not the Peñas Blancas on the border with Costa Rica in the far west.

Melopyrrha taylori Hartert

Melopyrrha taylori Hartert, 1896: 257 (Grand Cayman).

Now Melopyrrha nigra taylori Hartert, 1896. See Hellmayr, 1938: 168, Bradley, 2000: 21, 37, 195–196, and Dickinson, 2003: 794.

Lectotype

AMNH 515100, adult male, collected on Grand Cayman Island, Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles, West Indies, on 25 March 1896, by C.B. Taylor (no. 70). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert did not designate a type in the original description, merely noting that he had “a fine series” collected by Taylor that included males, females, and young. Hartert (1919: 154) listed as type Taylor's specimen no. 70, male adult, collected on Grand Cayman on 25 March 1896, thereby designating it the lectotype. Paralectotypes that came to AMNH are: AMNH 515101(Taylor no. 88), adult male; AMNH 515102 (2), adult male; AMNH 515103 (27), immature male; AMNH 515104 (48), immature male; AMNH 515105 (72), immature male; AMNH 515106 (110), adult male; AMNH 515107 (113), adult male; AMNH 515108 (12), female (immature male plumage); AMNH 515109 (28), female, all collected on Grand Cayman in March and April 1896 by Taylor.

Dolospingus nuchalis Elliot

Dolospingus nuchalis Elliot, 1871: 402, pl. XI (Orinoco, on the borders of British Guiana).

Now Dolospingus fringilloides (Pelzeln, 1870). See Berlepsch and Hellmayr, 1905: 23–24, Hellmayr, 1938: 240, Dickinson, 2003: 794, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 631.

Holotype

AMNH 6763, adult male, collected on the “Orenoque” (as on label), from the collection of Madame Verday (no. 5427).

Comments

When Elliot named this new genus and species, he had a single specimen, which he had purchased from Madame Verday in Paris. In 1869, Elliot bought specimens from the Verday, Verreaux, and Wied collections for the newly founded American Museum of Natural History, and the birds are part of the founding collection. This specimen had been mounted and the AMNH label has what was apparently Verday's label glued to the back. Pelzeln's species name, based on the female, has priority over Elliot's species name, based on the male (Berlepsch and Hellmayr, 1905: 23–24).

Catamenia analoides schistaceifrons Chapman

Catamenia analoides schistaceifrons Chapman, 1915b: 649 (La Mar (alt. 8260 ft.), Cundinimarca [sic], Col.).

Now Catamenia analis schistaceifrons Chapman, 1915. See Chapman, 1917, Hellmayr, 1938: 231–232, Dickinson, 2003: 794, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 649.

Holotype

AMNH 126670, adult male, collected at La Mar, ca. 04.55N, 74.10W (Paynter, 1997), alt. 2680 m, on label (8260 ft, given by Chapman), near Subachoque, Cundinamarca, Colombia, on 9 (not 13) June 1913, by Manuel Gonzalez.

Comments

In the original description, Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype and based his description on an adult male and immature male from La Mar and a female from Suba in the Bogotá Savanna. Paratypes are AMNH 126671, male, La Mar, near Subachoque, 10 June 1913; and AMNH 130595, unsexed [female], Suba, 6 February 1914.

Paynter (1997: 229) discussed the various altitudes given for La Mar. On the original label, the altitude is given as 2680 m, which is close to the 2620 m given by Paynter.

Catamenia analoides söderstromi Chapman

Catamenia analoides söderstromi Chapman, 1924: 9 (El Paso, 9200 ft., Prov. Azuay, Ecuador).

Now Catamenia analis soderstromi Chapman, 1924. See Chapman, 1926, Hellmayr, 1938: 231, Dickinson, 2003: 794, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 649.

Holotype

AMNH 168098, adult male, collected at Hacienda El Paso ( =  El Paso), 9200 ft, 03.22S, 79.05W (Paynter, 1993), near Nabon, Rio Charcay, Azuay, Ecuador, on 14 January 1921, by George K. Cherrie (no. 23053).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. His type series comprised three males from Valle de Cumbaya, eight males from El Paso, and three males from Quito. Paratypes are: Valle de Cumbaya, AMNH 124972–124974, three males collected in May and July 1913; El Paso, AMNH 168093–168097, 168099, 168100, seven males collected in January 1921; and Quito, AMNH 173543, male, AMNH 173544, sexed as female, collected in August 1913. Chapman probably considered this specimen sexed as a female to be a male, and he certainly had it in hand when soderstromi was described. The third male from Quito is a problem. There is a specimen from “Lloa,” Quito, cataloged as AMNH 173545 and identified in the catalog only as Catamenia (as were the other two specimens), but I was unable to find this specimen in the collection with any species of Catamenia. It is likely to be the third specimen that is a paratype of soderstromi because it was collected by Cherrie at the same time as the other two. However, AMNH 41405 from Quito, a specimen from the Lawrence Collection, was present in the collection when Chapman named soderstromi. It seems less likely that Chapman would have included this specimen as the locality may be suspect. The three specimens from Valle de Cumbaya (misspelled Cumbaza) had earlier been considered paratypes of griseiventris (see below). Of the above paratypes, AMNH 168095 and 124973 were exchanged to MCZ in 1928.

Söderstrom was Swedish, therefore the umlaut is dropped from the scientific name (ICZN, 1999: 40, Art. 32.5.2.1).

Catamenia analoides griseiventris Chapman

Catamenia analoides griseiventris Chapman, 1919a: 267 (Cuzco, Peru).

Now Catamenia analis griseiventris Chapman, 1919. See Hellmayr, 1938: 229–230, and Dickinson, 2003: 794.

Holotype

AMNH 129178, adult male, collected at Cuzco, 11,000 ft, 13.31S, 71.59W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Cuzco, Peru, on 16 November 1914, by Harry and Casimir Watkins.

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed 16 specimens in his type series. Paratypes in AMNH are: Valle de Cumbaya (spelled Cumbaza on label), AMNH 124972–124974, three males, May and July 1913; Cuzco, AMNH 129179, female, 16 October 1914; Huaracondo Cañon, AMNH 145565–145567, two males and one female, 23 July 1916; and Pisac, AMNH 166576, male, AMNH 166577, female, 17 April 1917. The three paratypes from Valle de Cumbaya are also paratypes of Chapman's C. a. soderstromi (see above); AMNH 124973 was exchanged to MCZ in 1928. The two specimens from Pisac were exchanged to AMNH by USNM, and the other Pisac specimens are probably in USNM. The specimens listed from Chospyoc and Torontoy were apparently borrowed from other institutions.

Euetheia sharpei Hartert

Euetheia sharpei Hartert, 1893a: 37 (Bonaire, Curaçao, Aruba).

Now Tiaris bicolor sharpei (Hartert, 1893). See Hellmayr, 1938: 126, and Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Lectotype

AMNH 515275, adult male, collected on Curaçao, on 28 July 1892, by Ernst Hartert (no. 246). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert did not designate a type in the original description, describing male and female and giving the distribution as Bonaire, Curaçao, and Aruba. Hartert (1919: 154) listed as the type the male specimen from Curaçao bearing his number 246, thereby designating it the lectotype. The total number of specimens was not specified; a total of eight specimens from the three islands came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. The seven paralectotypes, all collected in June and July 1892 by Ernst and Claudia Hartert, now in AMNH are: Bonaire, AMNH 515270 (Hartert no. 177), female; Aruba, AMNH 515271 (117) adult male; Bonaire, AMNH 515272 (163), adult male; Curaçao, AMNH 515273 (18), AMNH 515274 (40), juvenile males, AMNH 515276 (249) AMNH 515277 (80), adult males.

Hartert (1893b: 314–317) in his report on the birds collected on his 1892 trip, discussed the West Indian forms of Euetheia in detail.

Phonipara fumosa Lawrence

Phonipara fumosa Lawrence, 1874: 396 (Trinidad).

Now Tiaris fuliginosus fumosus (Lawrence, 1874). See Hellmayr, 1938: 127, Bates, 1997: 99–100, and Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Holotype

AMNH 41330, unsexed [male plumage], collected on Trinidad Island, West Indies, by A.H. Alexander. From the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

The original description apparently applied to a single male specimen. AMNH 41330 is marked “Type” in Lawrence's hand, the measurements agree with those given by Lawrence, and it is the only specimen of this form that came to AMNH with the Lawrence Collection.

David and Gosselin (2002: 262) pointed out that the ending of the genus Tiaris is not gender indicative, but that it was originally described in combination with a masculine adjective and should be considered masculine.

A.H. Alexander was a friend of Lawrence's and, according to Wynne (1969: 14), a taxidermist in New York.

[Fringilla fuliginosa Wied]

Allen (1889b: 224) did not find the type of Fringilla fuliginosa Wied (1830: 628) in AMNH, nor was it listed in Wied's manuscript catalog. I also did not find it in the collection. Wied (1830: 630) noted that he had a single specimen, already made into a birdskin when he obtained it. Hellmayr (1938: 127) recognized it as Tiaris fuliginosa fuliginosa (Wied, 1830).

Loxigilla Chazaliei Oustalet

Loxigilla Chazaliei Oustalet, 1895: 184 (Barbuda).

Now Loxigilla noctis ridgwayi (Cory, 1892). See Hellmayr, 1938: 163, and Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Syntypes

AMNH 514322, male, and AMNH 514323, male, collected on Barbuda Island, Lesser Antilles, West Indies, on 25 February 1895, by Comte de Dalmas (nos. 159 and 158, respectively). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Oustalet did not designate a type, but noted that Dalmas had collected two specimens; Hartert (1919: 156) listed these two syntypes but with the incorrect date of 15 February. The original labels of both are marked “Type.” The species name was from Dalmas' yacht, “Chazalie.” Hellmayr (1931: 163) noted that Rothschild had purchased most of Dalmas' collection.

Loxigilla noctis var. propinqua Lawrence

Loxigilla noctis var. propinqua Lawrence, 1878a: 58 (Guiana).

Now Loxigilla noctis grenadensis (Cory, 1892). See Hellmayr, 1938: 167, Paynter, 1970: 159–160, and Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Syntypes

AMNH 41219, adult male, “Guiana” (Br. Guiana on label), undated, and AMNH 41220, adult male, “Esequibo River,” Guyana, in the winter of 1876/1877, both collected by A.H. Alexander. From the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Lawrence said that he examined three males in Alexander's collection. The above two syntypes are the only specimens of propinqua that came to AMNH with the Lawrence Collection. The collecting locality has been questioned almost from the time the form was described (Hellmayr, 1938: 167, footnote 1). Bond (1939: 5, and in Paynter, 1970b: 160, footnote 1) thought that they were collected in Grenada, when Alexander was on his way to Guyana. Most authors accept this synonymy. Lawrence's label on AMNH 41219 has his pencilled measurements that are almost the same as those published in the original description: “L. 4 ½, wing 2 5/8, tail 2, tarsi ¾ (rather than 5/8).”

A.H. Alexander was a taxidermist in New York City (Wynne, 1969: 4). This serves to explain Lawrence's statement that “Mr. Alexander obtained quite a number of this small species in Guiana, but he had disposed of most of them before they came under my notice….I was unable to find a female among the birds collected by him: this is easily accounted for; his object in making collections being to secure the more showy and saleable males.”

Ridgway was the first systematist to work on the G. Baur collection from the Galapagos and he named many of the new forms. Later, Rothschild bought some 1100 of the Baur specimens, including Ridgway's types (Rothschild and Hartert, 1899: 85), and these specimens came to AMNH in 1932 with the purchase of the Rothschild Collection. Many of the specimens from the Baur Galapagos collection (see below) were marked “ex spirits.” This refers to specimens that were originally preserved in fluid but were later made into study skins. I have been unable to determine whether they were skinned before Ridgway worked on the collection or whether Rothschild had them prepared. To the difficulty of identifying the Galapagos finches to subspecies must be added the problem posed by the possibility that many were still wet when they were studied. Some of the specimens, but not all, bear numbers that are apparently Baur field numbers. I have found no mention of where a list of his numbers might be.

Geospiza pachyrhyncha Ridgway

Geospiza pachyrhyncha Ridgway, 1896a: 293 (Tower Island).

Now Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837. See Hellmayr, 1938: 130, Paynter, 1970b: 161, and Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Syntypes

AMNH 516887, AMNH 516888, unsexed [female plumage], Genovesa ( =  Tower) Island, 00.20N, 89.58W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. From the G. Baur Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Ridgway did not designate a type or mention the number of specimens he examined; nor did he (Ridgway, 1896b: 516) later provide additional information, except to say that he had returned the specimens to Dr. Baur. The above two specimens were certainly seen by Ridgway, as both have unnumbered USNM labels attached, the institution where Ridgway worked. The Rothschild label of AMNH 516887 is annotated: “Spec.A in ms notes of H.S. Swarth, May 16, 1930” [unsigned] and that of AMNH 516888 “Spec. B in ms notes of H.S. Swarth, May 16, 1930” [unsigned]. The USNM label of the latter bears the numbers “668,” probably Baur's field number, and “Q-2” of unknown significance and on the reverse “Fig. 8, Pl. VI, N.Z. VI, 1899,” a reference to Rothschild and Hartert (1899).

Rothschild and Hartert (1899: 85, 141, 156) noted that Rothschild had purchased the bulk of the collection made by Baur and Adams, some 1100 specimens, also mentioning Ridgway's description of pachyrhyncha and considering it a synonym of G. strenua, now a synonym of G. magnirostris. Hartert (1919: 152–153) did not list these types and, even though Hellmayr (1938: 130) referred to their being in AMNH, they have lain unnoticed in the collection. The above two specimens are the only Baur specimens of pachyrhyncha that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, but it is possible that Rothschild had exchanged others with another collection.

Geospiza bauri Ridgway

Geospiza bauri Ridgway, 1894: 362 (James Island).

Now Geospiza fortis Gould, 1837. See Hellmayr, 1938: 131, Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Holotype

AMNH 517124, adult male, collected on Santiago ( =  San Salvador or James) Island, 00.14S, 90.45W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 17 (not 7) August 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 562) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Ridgway cited Baur's unique field number of the holotype, but misread the date, which was correctly cited by Hartert (1919: 152). The specimen bears Baur's field label, an unnumbered USNM type label (undoubtedly attached by Ridgway), and a Rothschild type label. On the reverse of the USNM label is reference to “fig. 24, pl. VI, Novitates Zoologicae VI (1899),” pl. VI in Rothschild and Hartert (1899) on Galapagos birds. Ridgway listed an immature male and an immature female in Baur's collection in addition to the holotype; these two additional specimens were also cited by Ridgway (1896b: 519) and by Rothschild and Hartert (1899: 161). The paratypes are: AMNH 517122 and 517123, both labeled female, from Santiago Island and both were marked “ex spirits.”

Geospiza dubia simillima Rothschild and Hartert

Geospiza dubia simillima Rothschild and Hartert, 1899: 161 (Charles Island).

Now Geospiza fortis Gould, 1837. See Hellmayr, 1938: 131, and Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Lectotype

AMNH 517188, adult male, collected on Floreana ( =  Charles) Island, 01.17S, 90.26W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 4 November 1897, by C.D. Hull on the Webster-Harris Expedition (no. 2267). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description, the type series being listed as one adult male and four immatures. Hartert (1919: 152) listed the adult male as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. Hull's name is there misspelled as “Hall.” The paralectotypes are: AMNH 517190–517192, immature males, collected on Floreana Island in November 1897 by the Webster-Harris Expedition; and AMNH 517194, immature male, collected on Floreana Island in July 1891 by G. Baur (ex spirits).

Geospiza harterti Ridgway

Geospiza harterti Ridgway, 1901: 507 (Chatham Island).

Now Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. See Hellmayr, 1938: 132, Paynter, 1970b: 161, and Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Holotype

AMNH 517667, adult male (ex spirits), collected on San Cristóbal ( =  Chatham) Island, 00.50S, 89.26W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 8 September 1891. From the G. Baur Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Rothschild and Hartert (1899: 163) listed as “Geospiza spec. inc.” a single black male, skinned from spirits, collected on Chatham Island on 8 September 1891, with culmen 14.5 mm, bill from nostril to tip 9.8, and wing 69. They did not introduce a new name based on this single specimen, but it is this specimen that Ridgway (1901: 507) named G. harterti, citing the above information.

Rothschild and Hartert (1902: 397) accepted this name in light of additional specimens they had acquired and the holotype was listed by Hartert (1919: 153).

Geospiza fuliginosa minor Rothschild and Hartert

Geospiza fuliginosa minor Rothschild and Hartert, 1899: 162 (Bindloe and Abingdon Islands).

Now Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. See Hellmayr, 1932: 132, Paynter, 1970b: 161, and Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Lectotype

AMNH 517606, adult male (ex spirits), collected on Marchena ( =  Bindloe) Island, 00.21N, 90.29W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 5 September 1891. From the G. Baur Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description, Rothschild and Hartert only mentioning that they examined 43 specimens from Marchena and 73 specimens from Pinta ( =  Abingdon) islands. Hartert (1919: 152) listed Baur's adult male spirit specimen, collected on Marchena Island on 5 September 1891, as the type of Geospiza fuliginosa minor, thereby designating it the lectotype. The paralectotypes in AMNH are: AMNH 517593–517605, 517607 from Marchena Island, and AMNH 517608–517622 from Pinta Island, all collected on the Webster-Harris Expedition.

Geospiza acutirostris Ridgway

Geospiza acutirostris Ridgway, 1894: 363 (Tower Island, Galapagos).

Now Geospiza difficilis difficilis Sharpe, 1888. See Hellmayr, 1938: 132–133, Paynter, 1970b: 162, and Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Holotype

AMNH 517637, unsexed [black adult male plumage], collected on Genovesa ( =  Tower) Island, 00.20N, 89.58W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. From the G. Baur Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Ridgway gave only the measurements in inches of the type, which was stated to be from Tower Island and in G. Baur's collection, and mentioned that there were seven specimens, four of which were in black plumage. This description was repeated by Ridgway (1896b: 531–532) and the bill is illustrated in pl. LVII, fig. 21. AMNH 517637 bears an unnumbered USNM type label with the name, locality, Baur's name, and the number 661 (probably Baur's field number, but not cited in the description), indicating that it was the specimen Ridgway intended as the type. It bears as well a Rothschild type label with the name, locality, the number 661, and a reference to the description. Ridgway's measurements of the type were given in tenths of inches, which Rothschild and Hartert (1899: 162) said were correctly given. Measurements in millimeters given by Ridgway (1901: 506) were not said to be of the type, but are a direct conversion from the inches given earlier. A footnote on p. 507 noted that the type was by that time in the Rothschild Collection. Hartert (1919: 152) listed the type without adding any information. Ridgway's measurements (in millimeters) of the type were: wing 62.23, tail, 40.13, culmen 13.97, depth of bill at base 7.62. My measurements of AMNH 517637 are: wing 63.0, tail 39.5, culmen 14.0, bill depth 8.0. Because the two type labels which AMNH 517637 bears indicate that it is Ridgway's selected type and the measurements are very close, I consider it the holotype. It is unclear whether Ridgway's wing measurement was made before or after skinning.

Contra Ridgway, there are eight Baur specimens of acutirostris in AMNH from the Rothschild Collection. All of them are “ex spirits.” Three of them, including the type, are black males, one is unsexed but blackish, and four are females. Paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 517630–517636. There seems to be no way to tell which three of the four females Ridgway examined, nor is it clear whether they were made into skins before Ridgway saw them or whether this was done by Rothschild. All of them are labeled acutirostris on the Rothschild label. In the absence of further information, I have considered the seven specimens in addition to the holotype to be paratypes of acutirostris.

Geospiza scandens septentrionalis Rothschild and Hartert

Geospiza scandens septentrionalis Rothschild and Hartert, 1899: 165 (Wenman and Culpepper Islands).

Now Geospiza difficilis septentrionalis Rothschild and Hartert, 1899. See Hellmayr, 1938: 133–134, and Dickinson, 2003: 795.

Holotype

AMNH 517734, adult male, collected on Wolf ( =  Wenman) Island, 01.23N, 91.49W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 4 August 1894, by C.M. Harris (no. 311), on the Webster-Harris Galapagos Expedition. From the Rothschld Collection.

Comments

Rothschild and Hartert gave Harris' unique field number “311” of the holotype in the original description and described young and adult males and females without giving the number of specimens in their type series. Specimens from both Wolf and Darwin ( =  Culpepper) islands were included. Paratypes in AMNH are: Wolf Island, males, AMNH 517723–517733, 517735, females, AMNH 517736, 517738–517743; Darwin Island, females, 517744–517746, males, 517747–517749, 517752–517755, all collected on the Webster-Harris Expedition in 1897.

Geospiza barringtoni Ridgway

Geospiza barringtoni Ridgway, 1894: 361 (Barrington Island).

Now Geospiza scandens intermedia Ridgway, 1894. See Hellmayr, 1938: 134, Rothschild and Hartert, 1899: 164, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 517834, adult male, collected on Santa Fe ( =  Barrington) Island, 00.49S, 90.04W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, in July 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 596) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Ridgway cited Baur's unique number of the holotype, noting that Baur had collected two adult males and a specimen in streaked plumage. He also gave the collecting date of the holotype as 9 July 1891, but this day does not appear on the labels now present on the specimen. The holotype bears an unnumbered USNM type label with Baur's number on it, placed there by Ridgway, a Rothschild type label, and a Rothschild Collection label. In addition to the holotype, there are now three Baur specimens in AMNH, ex spirits, all of which are in female or subadult male plumage and without any indication as to which Ridgway may have examined. These possible paratypes are: female, AMNH 517827, and males, AMNH 517837, 517838, all collected in July 1891 on Santa Fe Island.

Geospiza propinqua Ridgway

Geospiza propinqua Ridgway, 1894: 361 (Tower Island, Galapagos).

Now Geospiza conirostris propinqua Ridgway, 1894. See Rothschild and Hartert, 1899: 159–160, Hellmayr, 1938: 136, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 517025, adult male, collected on Genovesa ( =  Tower) Island, 00.20N, 89.58W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 2 September 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 597) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Ridgway gave Baur's unique field number of the holotype in the original description and that number is written on all three of its labels. It bears an unnumbered USNM type label attached by Ridgway, a Rothschild type label, and a Smithsonian Institution label noting that the specimen is from spirits. The size of the type series was not given, but measurements of five adult males were provided (Ridgway, 1894: 362, footnote). Paratype in AMNH is: AMNH 517026, adult male, Genovesa Island, 2 September 1891, Baur Collection, ex spirits. There are two additional possible paratypes: AMNH 517043, female, Genovesa Island, 2 September 1891, Baur Collection, ex spirits; and AMNH 517045, in immature plumage, not said to be a Baur specimen but bearing a USNM collection label with only the number “656” and the locality “Tower I.” The number “656” is within the range of Baur's field numbers.

Geospiza darwini Rothschild and Hartert

Geospiza darwini Rothschild and Hartert, 1899: 158 (Culpepper Island, Galapagos).

Now Geospiza conirostris darwini Rothschild and Hartert, 1999. See Hellmayr, 1938: 130, Paynter, 1970b: 164, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 516980, adult male, collected on Darwin ( =  Culpepper) Island, 01.39S, 92.00W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 27 July 1897, by Rollo Beck on the Webster-Harris Expedition (no. 157). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the text of the original description, where measurements were given for four males and one female, but Beck's specimen no. 157 is designated as the type of Geospiza darwini in the same publication on pl. VI, fig. 21, a drawing of the beak of the holotype. Reference to this plate is also written on the reverse of the Rothschild type label of AMNH 516980. Paratypes in AMNH, all collected on Darwin Island on the Webster-Harris Expedition in 1897, are: AMNH 516977, adult male, 26 July, by Harris; AMNH 516978, adult male, 26 July, by Hull; AMNH 516979, immature male, 27 July, by Drowne; AMNH 516785, adult male, 27 July, by Beck, the last three now identified as magnirostris. I think that Rothschild and Hartert considered the immature bird to be a female. The right wing of that specimen is missing feathers, but the measurement of the left wing is 84 mm, the measurement given for the female.

Camarhynchus bindloei Ridgway

Camarhynchus bindloei Ridgway, 1896a: 294 (Galapagos Archipelago (Bindloe Island)).

Now Camarhynchus psittacula habeli Sclater and Salvin, 1870. See Hellmayr, 1938: 138, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Lectotype

AMNH 518015, adult male, collected on Marchena ( =  Bindloe) Island, 00.21N, 90.29W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Eduador, in September 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 696) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Ridgway's type was an adult male in Baur's collection, with measurements given in tenths of inches. No further information was included, nor was the size of his type series indicated. Ridgway (1896b: 556) added that the type was collected on 5 September 1891. However, the specimen upon which Ridgway had tied the USNM type label and filled in with the name Chamarhynchus bindloei, does not actually have the day in September on which it was collected. There are six Baur specimens of bindloei in AMNH, the other five of which are dated 5 September 1891, and probably all six were collected on the same day. Ridgway wrote the Baur number “696” on the reverse of this label, but nowhere mentioned it in his publications. In addition to the unnumbered USNM type label, AMNH 518015 also has a Rothschild type label bearing the number “696” and a reference to the description of bindloei. A third label is that of the Rothschild Collection, identifying the specimen as Geospiza habeli, a Baur specimen collected on Bindloe Island in September 1891. Hartert (1919: 153) identified the type as the male specimen without a day of collection on the label, thus agreeing with the specimen bearing the type labels and thereby designating it the lectotype.

Paralectotypes in AMNH, all labeled as having been collected by Baur on 5 September 1891 on Marchena Island, are: AMNH 518016, male; AMNH 518017, male [immature plumage], Baur no. 699; AMNH 518018, female; AMNH 518019, female; AMNH 518020, female, Baur no. 698, II 2 (significance unknown).

Camarhynchus compressirostris Ridgway

Camarhynchus compressirostris Ridgway, 1896a: 294 (Jervis Island).

Now Camarhynchus psittacula psittacula Gould, 1837. See Hellmayr, 1938: 137, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 518005, female, collected on Rabida ( =  Jervis) Island, 00.24S, 90.42W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 8 August 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 471) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Ridgway gave Baur's unique field number of the holotype, but did not mention the number of specimens examined. The holotype bears an unnumbered USNM type label filled in by Ridgway, a Rothschild type label, with reference to the description and Baur's field no., a Rothschild Collection label, and Baur's original label. There are two paratypes in AMNH: AMNH 518003, male, and AMNH 518006, female, both collected on 8 August 1891, from the Baur Collection (no number, and no. 464 respectively).

Camarhynchus affinis Ridgway

Camarhynchus affinis Ridgway, 1894: 365 (Albemarle Island, Galapagos).

Now Camarhynchus psittacula affinis Ridgway, 1894. See Hellmayr, 1938: 137–138, Paynter, 1970b: 165, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 518041, adult, collected on Cowly Bay, on mountains, Isabela ( =  Albemarle) Island, 00.30S, 91.06W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 10 August 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 598) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Ridgway cited Baur's field number of the holotype and noted that he had two additional Baur specimens. The holotype bears an unnumbered USNM type label filled in by Ridgway with the number “598” on the reverse, a Rothschild type label with a reference to the description on the reverse, and a USNM printed collection label with the printing crossed out and “598” and locality data added. Paratypes at AMNH are: AMNH 518039 and AMNH 518040 (Baur no. 641), females, collected on Isabela in August 1891, from the Baur Collection.

Camarhynchus incertus Ridgway

Camarhynchus incertus Ridgway, 1896a: 294 (James Island).

Now Camarhynchus psittacula psittacula Gould, 1837. See Hellmayr, 1938: 138, and Dickinson, 203: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 518058, female, collected on Santiago ( =  San Salvador or James) Island, 00.14S, 90.45W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 13 August 1891. From the Baur Collection (no. 521) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Baur's unique field number of the holotype was given in the original description with no information provided on the size of the type series. Ridgway (1896b: 560) noted that the male was unknown. The holotype bears three labels: an unnumbered USNM type label filled in by Ridgway, a Rothschild type label with Baur's field number and reference to the original description, and Baur's original label with full data. It was the single Baur specimen of this form that came to AMNH.

Camarhynchus productus Ridgway

Camarhynchus productus Ridgway, 1894: 364 (Albemarle Island, Galapagos).

Now Camarhynchus pallidus productus Ridgway, 1894. See Hellmayr, 1938: 141, Paynter, 1970b: 166, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 518207, adult male, collected on Isabela ( =  Albemarle) Island, 00.30S, 91.06W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 31 July 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 404) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Ridgway gave Baur's field number of the holotype in the original description. Although he did not mention additional specimens there, later he (Ridgway, 1896b: 567) gave details for two additional specimens. Three additional Baur specimens from Isabela came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, and I consider all three probable paratypes: females, AMNH 518226, 518227, July 1891, and AMNH 518228, 23 July 1891, Baur no. 367.

Certhidea becki Rothschild

Certhidea becki Rothschild, 1898: 53 (Wenman Island).

Now Certhidea olivacea becki Rothschild, 1898. See Hellmayr, 1938: 143, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Lectotype

AMNH 522618, adult male, collected on Wolf ( =  Wenman) Island, 01.23N, 91.49W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 31 July 1897, by C.D. Hull on the Webster-Harris Galapagos Expedition (no. 236). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Rothschild did not designate a type in the original description, only saying that he had a good series. Rothschild and Hartert (1899: 150) mentioned a series of ten specimens from Wolf Island but still did not designate a type. Hartert (1919: 172) listed as the type of becki male specimen no. 236 collected by Hull on Wenman Island on 31 July 1897, thereby designating it the lectotype. Of the nine paralectotypes, the following six came to AMNH: AMNH 522621–522626, three males and three females, collected on Wolf Island 31 July 1897–4 August 1897.

Certhidea drownei Rothschild

Certhidea drownei Rothschild, 1898: 53 (Culpepper Island).

Now Certhidea olivacea becki Rothschild, 1898. See Hellmayr, 1938: 143, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Lectotype

AMNH 522616, adult male, collected on Darwin ( =  Culpepper) Island, 01.39N, 92.00W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 27 July 1897, by Rollo H. Beck on the Webster-Harris Galapagos Expedition (no. 148). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Rothschild did not designate a type in the original description, noting that he had only two specimens, both marked as males; Rothschild and Hartert (1899: 150) did not add further information. Hartert (1919: 172) listed as the type of drownei the specimen bearing the unique field no. 148, thereby designating it the lectotype. The paralectotype is: AMNH 522617, male, Darwin Island, 27 July 1897, by Beck.

Certhidea mentalis Ridgway

Certhidea mentalis Ridgway, 1894: 359 (Tower Island).

Now Certhidea olivacea mentalis Ridgway, 1894. See Hellmayr, 1938: 143, Paynter, 1970b: 167, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 522582, unsexed, collected on Genovesa ( =  Tower) Island, 00.20N, 89.58W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 2 September 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 594) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Ridgway designated Baur specimen no. 594 the holotype in the original description and said that there were five specimens in the Baur Collection. The holotype bears an unnumbered USNM type label attached by Ridgway, a Rothschild type label with reference to the original description, and an USNM collection label with Baur data filled in.

Presumably, Ridgway (1894: 357) had the entire Baur Galapagos collection at his disposal for study soon after Baur returned from the Galapagos, but had apparently returned the specimens to Baur before the delayed publication of his paper (Ridgway, 1896a: 293). Rothschild then purchased some 1100 specimens from Baur (Rothschild and Hartert, 1899: 141), but it is not known whether this was the entire collection. Some of the specimens were turned over for sale to W.F.H. Rosenberg, a London dealer in natural history items. In the case of C. mentalis, Ridgway said that there were five specimens in Baur's collection. This may mean in addition to the type, for there are in fact five specimens now in AMNH that could be considered paratypes, two of which were exchanged to AMNH from W.F.H. Rosenberg before the Rothschild Collection was purchased. Details of the labeling of these five specimens, all from the 1891 collection, follow. Exchanged from Rosenberg: AMNH 156538, unnumbered USNM collection label only, marked “Certhidea mentalis sp. nov.,” M-1 or Nr-1, Baur no. 638, ex spirits. AMNH 156539, Rothschild label only, marked Baur, ex spirits. From the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 522563, female, Rothschild label only, marked Baur, ex spirits. AMNH 522583, unnumbered USNM label, marked “Certhidea mentalis sp. nov.,” Z-1, Baur no. 635; Rothschild label, Baur ex spirits. AMNH 522584, unnumbered USNM label, marked “Certhidea mentalis sp. nov.,” A-2, Baur no. 634; Rothschild label, Baur ex spirits.

Certhidea salvini Ridgway

Certhidea salvini Ridgway, 1894: 358 (Indefatigable Island, Galapagos Archipelago).

Now Certhidea olivacea olivacea Gould, 1837. See Hellmayr, 1938: 144, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 522467, adult male, collected on Santa Cruz ( =  Indefatigable) Island, 00.38S, 90.23W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 6 August 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 438) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Ridgway cited Baur's unique field number of the holotype in the original description and said the type series comprised seven specimens from Santa Cruz, two of which were in the USNM, but which were not said to be Baur specimens. The holotype bears Baur's original label, an unnumbered USNM type label affixed by Ridgway, and a Rothschild type label with a reference to the description. Of the six paratypes, three are in AMNH: females, AMNH 522482 (Baur no. 415), 5 August 1891; AMNH 522483 (414), 5 August 1891; and AMNH 522484, July 1891.

Certhidea albemarlei Ridgway

Certhidea albemarlei Ridgway, 1894: 360 (Albemarle Island).

Now Certhidea olivacea olivacea Gould, 1837. See Hellmayr, 1938: 144, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 522446, unsexed, collected on Isabela ( =  Albemarle) Island, 00.30S, 91.06W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 21 July 1891. From the Baur Collection (no. 633, not 595) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Ridgway said that the type was collected on Albemarle Island on 21 July 1891 by Baur and cited Baur's number as “595.” Hartert (1919: 172) noted that this number should be “633” and was mistakenly given by Ridgway. AMNH 522446 bears three labels: an unnumbered USNM type label with the name filled in by Ridgway, Rothschild type label with the number “633” and reference to the original description, and a USNM collection label with the number “633,” Albemarle, July 21, and (b-2), the significance of which is unknown. The original label is not present. Because no specimen bearing Baur's no. 595 came to AMNH, because AMNH 522446 bears the USNM type label filled in by Ridgway, and because Hartert called attention to the error, AMNH 522446 is accepted as the holotype of Certhidea olivacea albemarlei. There are two paratypes that came to AMNH: AMNH 522447, and AMNH 522448, both males, collected at La Tortuga, Isabela Island, in July 1891 by Baur. Another specimen mentioned in the original description, collected at Cowley Bay, East Isabela, on 10 August, as quite like the type, did not come to AMNH. It would also be a paratype.

Certhidea bifasciata Ridgway

Certhidea bifasciata Ridgway, 1894: 359 (Barrington Island).

Now Certhidea olivacea bifasciata Ridgway, 1894. See Hellmayr, 1938: 145, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 522649, unsexed, collected on Santa Fe ( =  Barrington) Island, 00.49S, 90.04W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 9 July 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 593) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Ridgway gave Baur's unique field number “593” of the holotype and mentioned that three additional specimens from Barrrington Island agreed with the type. AMNH 522649 bears three labels: an unnumbered USNM type label, with the name and Baur's number filled in by Ridgway; a Rothschild type label, with the locality, date of collection, Baur's number and reference to the description; and a USNM collection label with the number 593 (K-1), the significance unknown, and Tower I. marked out and replaced by Barrington. Only one additional specimen from Santa Fe came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. It is paratype AMNH 522650, unsexed and undated, with Baur no. 636.

Certhidea luteola Ridgway

Certhidea luteola Ridgway, 1894: 360 (Chatham Island).

Now Certhidea olivacea luteola Ridgway, 1894. See Hellmayr, 1938: 144–145, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Holotype

AMNH 522540, adult male, collected on San Cristobal ( =  Chatham) Island, 00.50S, 89.26W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 17 June 1891. From the G. Baur Collection (no. 56) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Ridgway cited Baur's unique field number of the holotype in the original description and noted that he examined seven Baur and six USNM specimens of his new form. The holotype bears three labels: an unnumbered USNM type label with the name and Baur number filled in by Ridgway; a Rothschild type label with the locality, Baur number, and reference to the description of luteola; and Baur's original field label. Paratypes in AMNH: AMNH 522541–522544, males, AMNH 522554–522556, females, all collected on San Cristobal by Baur in 1891.

Certhidea olivacea ridgwayi Rothschild and Hartert

Certhidea olivacea ridgwayi Rothschild and Hartert, 1899: 149 (Charles Island).

Now Certhidea olivacea ridgwayi Rothschild and Hartert, 1899. See Hellmayr, 1938: 144, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Lectotype

AMNH 522557, male, collected on Floreana ( =  Charles or Santa Maria) Island, 01.17S, 90.26W (Paynter, 1993), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, on 5 November 1897, by C.D. Hull on the Webster-Harris Galapagos Expedition (no. 2308). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description but a type series of 10 specimens was mentioned. Hartert (1919: 172) listed this name in his list of types in the Rothschild Collection but failed to include data for the type itself. AMNH 522557 bears the Rothschild type label, indicating that it was the choice of Rothschild and Hartert as the type. It was cataloged as the type when the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH and has always been so considered. In order to confirm the indicated specimen as the type, I hereby designate AMNH 522557 the lectotype of Certhidea olivacea ridgwayi. There are four male and one female paralectotypes in AMNH: AMNH 522558–522562, all collected on Floreana Island on 5 November 1897, by Hull.

Buarremon Ocai Lawrence

Buarremon Ocai Lawrence, 1865a: 126 (Mexico, Jalapa).

Now Pipilo ocai ocai (Lawrence, 1865). See Hellmayr, 1938: 452, Sibley, 1950: 145, Paynter, 1970b: 168, and Dickinson, 2003: 796.

Syntypes

AMNH 41669, adult male, collected in Mexico, and AMNH 41670, adult male, collected in “Jalapa,” Mexico, received from R. Montes de Oca. From the G.N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Lawrence did not designate a type, but both of these specimens are marked “Type” by Lawrence and bear an AMNH type label. Only the male was described and only these two specimens of ocai came to AMNH with the Lawrence Collection. Sibley (1950: 145) discussed the type locality of ocai, and based on evidence provided by other montane species collected by Montes de Oca, restricted the type locality of this form to Las Vigas, 19.39N, 97.08W (Times Atlas), Veracruz, Mexico.

Pipilo maculatus falcifer McGregor

Pipilo maculatus falcifer McGregor, 1900: 43 (Palo Alto, California).

Now Pipilo maculatus falcifer McGregor, 1900. See Hellmayr, 1938: 457, Swarth, 1913, Greenlaw 1996, and Dickinson, 2003: 797.

Syntypes

AMNH 368322, adult male, collected on 9 April 1898 and AMNH 368333, female, collected on 3 March 1898, at Palo Alto, 37.26N, 122.10W (Times Atlas), California, by Richard C. McGregor (nos. 2274 and 882, respectively) and T.J. Hoover. From the Jonathan Dwight, Jr. Collection (nos. 39484 and 39492, respectively).

Comments

McGregor designated syntypes in the original description, giving his collection numbers for them, and the McGregor labels for both are marked “Type.” Only the male syntype bears a type label, although I have found no evidence of lectotype designation. The female syntype has now been included in the AMNH type collection. Twenty-two McGregor specimens of this form from Palo Alto, collected before 1900, came to AMNH with the Dwight Collection, but because syntypes were designated, the remaining 20 specimens have no type standing (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.6).

Pipilo maculatus repetens Griscom

Pipilo maculatus repetens Griscom, 1930: 12 (Zanzon (alt. 8000 ft.) western Guatemala).

Now Pipilo maculatus repetens Griscom, 1930. See Hellmayr, 1938: 460, Sibley, 1950: 137, and Dickinson, 2003: 797.

Holotype

AMNH 397247, adult male, collected at Zanjon ( =  Zanzon), 8000 ft, Guatemala, on 8 January 1925, by Alfred W. Anthony (no. 1213). From the Dwight Collection (no. 59025).

Comments

Griscom cited the Dwight Collection number of the holotype in the original description, having examined 39 specimens of repetens from various localities in the Pacific Cordilleras of Guatemala. Later, Griscom (1932b: 366) enumerated these 39 specimens, 29 of which came to AMNH. The 28 paratypes in AMNH are: collected by Anthony, Chichicastenango, AMNH 397243, male, AMNH 397251, female; Momostenango, AMNH 397244, 397248, females, AMNH 397249, 397250, males; Zanjon, AMNH 397245, male, AMNH 397246, female; Tecpam, AMNH 397252, 397253 (imm.), 397254, males, AMNH 397255, female; Panajachel, AMNH 397256, male; San Mateo, AMNH 397257, male; Barrillos, AMNH 397258, male; Nebaj, AMNH 397259, female, AMNH 397260–397262, males; Volcan San Lucas, AMNH 397263, 397264, 397264bis (imm.), 397265, males; collected by A.P. Smith, Quetzaltenango, AMNH 399323, female, AMNH 399324, 399325, 406726, males. The remaining paratypes are probably at MCZ. In Griscom's (1932: 425) gazetteer, Zanjon is listed as an Indian camp 15 mi west of Momostenango and is shown on the map as no. 78, at ca. 15.05N, 92.20W.

Pipilo fuscus carolae McGregor

Pipilo fuscus carolae McGregor, 1899c: 11 (Battle Creek, California).

Now Pipilo crissalis crissalis (Vigors, 1839). See Hellmayr, 1938: 463, Ridgway, 1901: 435–436, Kunzmann et al., 2002: 3–4, and Dickinson, 2003: 797.

Holotype

AMNH 368511, male, collected at Battle Creek, California, on 7 November 1898. From the collection of R. McGregor (no. 2200) via the Jonathan Dwight Collection (no. 39652).

Comments

McGregor cited his collection number of the holotype in the original description and had seven specimens from Battle Creek in his collection. The six paratypes are: AMNH 368508–368510, males, and AMNH 368512–368514, females. Dickinson (2003: 797) recognized carolae as a valid subspecies of P. crissalis. For information on McGregor, see Palmer (1928: 287).

There are many places named “Battle Creek” in California; in the original description, McGregor said that his locality was 2 mi from the Sacramento River and that the nearest post office was Ball's Ferry. Ball's Ferry is at ca. 40.30N, 122.18W.

[Pipilo fuscus jamesi Townsend]

Hellmayr (1938: 466) said that the type of this subspecies was at AMNH, and, in fact, Townsend (1923: 20, pl. 1) gave AMNH 131854 for the holotype when he described the form. All of the specimens of birds collected on the expedition of the U.S. Fisheries steamship Albatross in 1911 to the Gulf of California came first to AMNH and were all given AMNH numbers. Only later was the collection divided and half sent to USNM, including this holotype, where it now bears USNM 305936 (see Deignan, 1961: 636).

Melozone leucotis nigrior Miller and Griscom

Melozone leucotis nigrior Miller and Griscom, 1925: 4 (Matagalpa, 2300 ft., Nicaragua).

Now Melozone leucotis nigrior Miller and Griscom, 1925. See Hellmayr, 1938: 474, Howell and Webb, 1995: 696–697, and Dickinson, 2003: 798.

Holotype

AMNH 144638, adult male, collected at Matagalpa, 2300 ft, 12.52N, 85.58W (Times Atlas), Nicaragua, on 21 April 1917, by W. deW. Miller (no. 534), L. Griscom, and W.B. Richardson.

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. The type series was said to comprise eight males, seven females, three sex?, and one juvenile. There are, in fact, nine females in the series used, and perhaps the “7” was a misprint for “9,” as I can see no way to exclude two of them. All of them would have been available to Miller and Griscom. The paratypes are: AMNH 103040, 103041, male and female, Chontales, February 1908; AMNH 103229–103234, two males, four females, Muy Muy, July 1908; AMNH 103498, 103499, male and female, Quilali, January 1909; AMNH 103821–103824, two males, one female, one female juvenile, Uluce, July 1909; AMNH 144637, female, Matagalpa, March 1917; and AMNH 423592–423596, one male, one female, three sex?, Matagalpa, January-February 1917. All of these specimens were collected by W.B. Richardson except AMNH 144637, which was collected by Miller, Griscom, and Richardson.

Arremon aurantiirostris santarosae Chapman

Arremon aurantiirostris santarosae Chapman, 1925a: 6 (Santa Rosa, Prov. del Oro, southwestern Ecuador).

Now Arremon aurantiirostris santarosae 6061Chapman, 1925. See Hellmayr, 1938: 437, Dickinson, 2003: 799, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 642.

Holotype

AMNH 172480, adult male, collected at Santa Rosa, 03.27S, 79.58W (Paynter, 1993), El Oro, Ecuador, on 22 October 1921, by Geoffrey Gill (no. 761).

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed the 37 specimens he examined. The 36 paratypes are: Santa Rosa, AMNH 130307–130312, 172479, five males, two females; Duran, AMNH 130313, female; La Chonta, AMNH 172481–172489, four males, four females, one female?; La Puente, AMNH 172490, 172491, two males; Rio Pullango, AMNH 172492–172494, three males; Rio Jubones, AMNH 172495, male; Cebollal, AMNH 172496, 172497, two males; Bucay, AMNH 172498–172504, seven males; Chimbo, AMNH 173565–173568, three males, one female. Of these paratypes, AMNH 172481–172483, and 172487 were exchanged to MCZ in July 1928; AMNH 172485 and 172489 were exchanged to ANSP in July 1928.

Arremon schlegeli canidorsum J.T. Zimmer

Arremon schlegeli canidorsum J.T. Zimmer, 1941: 133 (San Gil, south of Bucaramanga, eastern Colombia).

Now Arremon schlegeli canidorsum J.T. Zimmer, 1941. See Paynter, 1970b: 185, Ridgely and Tudor, 1989: 462–463, and Dickinson, 2003: 799.

Holotype

AMNH 325733, adult male, collected at San Gil, 06.33N, 73.08W (Paynter, 1997), Santander, Colombia, in June 1939, by Brother Nicéforo Maria (no. 13).

Comments

When Zimmer described this form, he gave the AMNH number of the holotype and studied two additional males, a female, and a young bird. The holotype was retained at AMNH and the four paratypes were returned to Brother Nicéforo and are in MLS.

Embernagra rufivirgata Lawrence

Embernagra rufivirgata Lawrence, 1851a: 112, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Rio Grande in Texas).

Now Arremonops rufivirgatus rufivirgatus (Lawrence, 1851). See Hellmayr, 1938: 439–440, and Dickinson, 2003: 798.

Holotype

AMNH 3261, collected in Brownsville ( =  Ft. Brown on the Rio Grande), 25.54N, 97.29W (Times Atlas), Texas, by J.P. McCown. From the G.N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

Although Lawrence did not confirm this, his description appears to be based on a single specimen. Lawrence's label is marked “Embernagra rufivirgata Lawr., Texas, a (or D?) 373, J.P. McC.” and on the reverse “Type, Brownsville, Capt. J.P. McCown.” The specimen was once mounted. Lawrence (1851a: 114) noted that this new species was “obtained by [McCown] during the past year, while stationed on the Rio Grande in Texas.” It is the only specimen of this form that came to AMNH with the Lawrence Collection.

Arremonops conirostris inexpectata Chapman

Arremonops conirostris inexpectata Chapman, 1914a: 184 (Western slope of Eastern Andes below Andalucia (alt. 3000 ft.)).

Now Arremonops conirostris inexpectatus 48Chapman, 1914. See Hellmayr, 1938: 445, and Dickinson, 2003: 798.

Holotype

AMNH 117120, adult male, collected on the western slope of the eastern Andes below Andalucia, 3000 ft, 01.54N, 75.40W (Paynter, 1997), Huila, Colombia, on 6 June 1912, by Leo E. Miller (no. 3120).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and had eight adult and five juvenile specimens. The 12 paratypes are: AMNH 117116–117119, 117121–117123, four males and three females; AMNH 117124–117128, one male, three female and one unsexed juvenile, all collected on the western slope of the eastern Andes below Andalucia. Of these, AMNH 117116 and 117119 were exchanged to the BMNH in May 1921, and AMNH 117118 and 117127 were exchanged with O. Bangs in September 1918 and are now in MCZ.

For an assessment of relationships among species of Atlapetes based on mtDNA sequence data, see Garcia-Moreno and Fjeldså (1999).

Atlapetes gutturalis griseipectus Dwight and Griscom

Atlapetes gutturalis griseipectus Dwight and Griscom, 1921: 3 (Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, altitude 8500 ft).

Now Atlapetes albinucha griseipectus Dwight and Griscom, 1921. See Griscom, 1932b: 368, Hellmayr, 1938: 389, Paynter, 1978: 327–330, and Dickinson, 2003: 800.

Holotype

AMNH 399333, adult male, collected at Quetzaltenango, 8500 ft, Guatemala, on 18 November 1919, by Austin Paul Smith (no. 19233). From the Dwight Collection (no. 52724, not 52725, as in description).

Comments

In the original description, the type was said to be no. 52725 in the Dwight Collection, adult male, collected at Quetzaltenango, on 18 November 1919; the Dwight number of this holotype and that of the holotype of A. g. parvirostis were apparently interchanged (see below). The above specimen is the only specimen of griseipectus in AMNH that bears the date 18 November and there is no specimen of this subspecies that bears the Dwight number 52725. The types of new forms from the Dwight Guatemalan collection were to come to AMNH and the remainder of the collection was to be divided between AMNH and MCZ. Dwight and Griscom (1921: 4) had five male, two female, and one unsexed specimen of their new form. Of the seven paratypes, five are in AMNH: Guatemala, AMNH 41064, unsexed and undated, from the G.N. Lawrence Collection; Quetzaltenango, AMNH 399331 (Dwight no. 56561), male, 15 November; AMNH 399332 (56562), male, 17 November; AMNH 399334 (56564), male, 21 November; AMNH 399335 (56565), female, 21 November, all from the Dwight Collection and collected in 1919 by Smith. The remaining paratypes are probably at MCZ. AMNH 41064 is also a paratype of A. g. brunnescens (see below) and was mentioned by Dwight and Griscom (1921: 2).

Atlapetes gutturalis fuscipygius Dwight and Griscom

Atlapetes gutturalis fuscipygius Dwight and Griscom, 1921: 3 (San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua, altitude 4000 feet).

Now Atlapetes albinucha fuscipygius Dwight and Griscom, 1921. Hellmayr, 1938: 389, Paynter, 1978: 327–330, Dickinson, 2003: 800, and Martínez-Sánchez and Will (2010: 96–97).

Holotype

AMNH 101517, adult male, collected at San Rafael del Norte, 13.12N, 86.06W (Times Atlas), Nicaragua, on 14 April 1907, by William B. Richardson.

Comments

Dwight and Griscom cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and based their name on a type series of three males and three females with the range given as the “highlands of north central Nicaragua.” Aparently Dwight and Griscom based fuscipygius on the same six specimens from Nicaragua that comprised part of the type series of brunnescens (see below). I did not find the third male. There are four paratypes in AMNH: San Rafael del Norte, AMNH 101518, female, 13 April 1907, and AMNH 101519, female, 7 April 1907; Matagalpa, AMNH 102657, female, 12 September 1907, AMNH 103228, male, 22 June 1908, all collected by Richardson.

Atlapetes gutturalis parvirostris Dwight and Griscom

Atlapetes gutturalis parvirostris Dwight and Griscom, 1921: 3 (Aquinares, Costa Rica, altitude 4500 feet).

Now Atlapetes albinucha parvirostris Dwight and Griscom, 1921. See Hellmayr, 1938: 388–389, Paynter, 1978: 327–330, and Dickinson, 2003: 800.

Holotype

AMNH 393030, adult male, collected at Aquinares, south slope of Volcan Turrialba, 4500 ft, 10.02N, 83.48W (Times Atlas), Costa Rica, on 27 March 1920, by Austin Paul Smith (no. 20198). From the Dwight Collection (no. 52725, not 52724, as in description).

Comments

See above under A. g. griseipectus; the Dwight number of this type and that of griseipectus were apparently interchanged. The remaining data are correct. Dwight and Griscom examined seven males, two females, and five juveniles. Of the 13 paratypes, nine are in AMNH: San José, AMNH 48190, male, 16 May 1889, C.F. Underwood; Irazu, AMNH 59830, male, 1 July 1892, A.H. Verrill; Aginares, AMNH 393031( Dwight no. 56039, Smith no. 20314), male, 10 April; AMNH 393032 (56038, 20116), female, 20 March; Agua Caliente, AMNH 393033 (56041, 20617), male, 25 May; AMNH 393034 (56042, 20691), male, 8 June; Navarrito, AMNH 393035 (56044, 20778), male juvenile, 2 July; AMNH 393036 (56043, 20761), female juvenile, 29 June; Irazú, AMNH 393042 (56040, –), male juvenile, 12 May, all collected by Smith in 1920. AMNH 48190 and 59830 are also paratypes of brunnescens (see below). Other paratypes may be in MCZ.

Atlapetes gutturalis brunnescens Chapman

Atlapetes gutturalis brunnescens Chapman, 1915a: 387 (Boquete, Chiriqui).

Now Atlapetes albinucha brunnescens 50Chapman, 1915. See Hellmayr, 1938: 388, Paynter, 1978: 327–330, Wetmore et al., 1984: 589–590, Dickinson, 2003: 800, and Martínez and Sánchez, 2010: 96–97.

Holotype

AMNH 77855 (not 77885), adult male, collected at Boquete, 08.47N, 82.26W (Siegel and Olson, 2008), Chiriqui, Panama, on 13 September 1901, by J.H. Batty.

Comments

Due to a typographical error, the AMNH number of the holotype was cited incorrectly in the original description; the other data cited there are correct. Chapman examined 35 specimens of brunnescens, apparently in addition to the holotype. There are the following 26 paratypes in AMNH from Boquete, all collected by Batty in August–September 1901: AMNH 77854, 77856, 77857, 77862, 77863, 106594, and 106596–106615. There are two paratypes from Costa Rica: San Jose, AMNH 48190, male, 16 May 1889, C.F. Underwood; Irazu, AMNH 59839, male, 1 July 1892, A.H. Verrill (both are also paratypes of A. g. parvirostris, see above). One paratype is from Guatemala, AMNH 41064, unsexed and undated, from the G.N. Lawrence Collection (also a paratype of A. gutturalis griseipectus, see above). Of the six paratypes from Nicaragua, I found only five in AMNH: San Rafael del Norte, AMNH 101517, male, 101518, female, 101519, female, all collected in April 1907 by W.B. Richardson; Matagalpa, AMNH 102657, female, 12 September 1907, and AMNH 103228, male, 22 June 1908, both collected by W.B. Richardson (also holotype and paratypes, respectively, of A. g. fuscipygius, see above).

Of the above paratypes of brunnescens from Boquete, the following four had been exchanged to BIM in 1923, but would have been available to Chapman when brunnescens was named; they were returned to AMNH in 1935 and were at that time renumbered: AMNH 106607 (BIM no. 12626, AMNH new number 441699), AMNH 106613 (12624, 441701), AMNH 106614 (12623, 441700), AMNH 106615 (12625, 441702). I did not find AMNH 106595 in the collection; it may have been exchanged without the catalog having been marked, but I have no information as to whether or not it could have been part of Chapman's type series.

Atlapetes gutturalis coloratus Griscom

Atlapetes gutturalis coloratus Griscom, 1924a: 9 (Cerro Flores, 3600 ft., eastern Chiriqui, Panama).

Now Atlapetes albinucha coloratus Griscom, 1924. See Hellmayr, 1938: 387, Paynter, 1978: 327–330, Wetmore et al., 1984: 589–590, and Dickinson, 2003: 800.

Holotype

AMNH 182967, adult male, collected on Cerro Flores, 3600 ft, Chiriqui, Panama, on 13 March 1924, by L. Griscom, R. Boulton, and others (no. 223).

Comments

Griscom cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description; his type series comprised one male, three females, and one sex? from Cerro Flores. The four paratypes are: females, AMNH 182968, 11 March; AMNH 182969, 13 March; AMNH 182970, 18 March; sex?, AMNH 182971, 5 March. Wetmore et al. (1984: 589–590) did not recognize coloratus.

The type locality, Cerro Flores, is discussed by Siegel and Olson (2008), and they conclude that it may be the Cerro Flores that lies 4 km SSW of Cerro Santiago, 08.33N, 81.44W, and 4 km NNE of Hato Chamí, 08.27N, 81.46W.

Buarremon sordidus Lawrence

Buarremon sordidus Lawrence, 1871: 138 (Bogota).

Now Atlapetes pallidinucha pallidinucha (Boissonneau, 1840). See Chapman, 1914a: 186, and Hellmayr, 1938: 391.

Holotype

AMNH 41062, juvenile, collected in “Bogota,” Colombia, by Ribon and Munoz. From the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

Lawrence apparently had a single juvenile specimen when he described sordidus. In addition to the collectors' names, the original Lawrence label has “Type” written by Lawrence, above which is written “yes, P.L.S[clater].” AMNH 41051 is an undated adult from the Lawrence Collection, labeled “Bogota,” but this specimen would not have been part of the type series, as only the juvenile was described.

Atlapetes pallidinuchus obscurior Chapman

Atlapetes pallidinuchus obscurior Chapman, 1914a: 186 (Santa Isabel, alt. 12700 ft., Central Andes).

Now Atlapetes pallidinucha papallactae Hellmayr, 1913. See Chapman 1917: 576, Hellmayr, 1938: 392, Paynter, 1978: 355–356, and Dickinson, 2003: 800.

Holotype

AMNH 113269, adult male, collected at Santa Isabel, 12700 ft, Colombia, on 15 September 1911, by Arthur A. Allen and Leo E. Miller (no. 357).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description with 13 specimens in his type series. The 12 paratypes are: Santa Isabel, AMNH 112818–112822, 113271, one male, five females, one female?; Laguneta, AMNH 112817, 113270, one female, one sex?; Almaguer, AMNH 117155–117158, two males, one female, one sex?. Of these paratypes, AMNH 112819 was exchanged to USNM; AMNH 112820 and 112822 were exchanged to O. Bangs in September 1918 and are probably in MCZ; AMNH 113270 was exchanged to MZUSP in 1917.

Paynter (1997: 484) listed both Santa Isabel, ca. 04.47N, 75.28W, and Paramo de Santa Isabel, ca. 04.47N, 75.26W, and noted that Chapman did not always distinguish between them. However, Chapman (1917: 32) noted that the altitude of 12700 ft was in paramo and (Chapman, 1917: 655) further explained that the Santa Isabel camp was at 12000 ft, at the border between temperate forest and paramo. The field labels of the specimens from 12700 ft are stamped “Par.Val.”

Atlapetes latinuchus caucae Chapman

Atlapetes latinuchus caucae Chapman, 1927a: 6 (Cerro Munchique, 8325 ft., West Andes, Cauca, Colombia).

Now Atlapetes latinuchus caucae 64Chapman, 1927. See Hellmayr, 1938: 397, Garcia-Moreno and Fjeldså, 1999, Dickinson, 2003: 800, Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 699, and Flórez-Rodríguez et al., 2011.

Holotype

AMNH 110047, adult male, collected at Cerro Munchique, 8325 ft, 02.32N, 76.57W (Paynter, 1997), Coast Range west of Popayan, Cauca, Colombia, on 26 May 1911, by William B. Richardson.

Comments

Chapman's type series comprised eight specimens from Cerro Munchique, and he gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. In addition to the eight adult specimens, there are also two juvenile specimens that are from the same collection and would have been available to Chapman for the description of caucae. The nine paratypes are: AMNH 110040–110042, 110044–110046, 110048–110050, three males, three females, one sex?, and two juveniles, all collected on Cerro Munchique between 23 and 30 May 1911. The specimen that had been AMNH 110043 was exchanged to O. Bangs in September 1918 and would not have been available to Chapman when he named caucae.

Atlapetes latinuchus chugurensis Chapman

Atlapetes latinuchus chugurensis Chapman, 1927a: 5 (Chugur, 9000 ft., 40 miles northwest of Cajamarca, Peru).

Now Atlapetes latinuchus chugurensis 64Chapman, 1927. See Hellmayr, 1938: 395–396, Garcia-Moreno and Fjeldså, 1999, Dickinson, 2003: 801, Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 699, and Flórez-Rodríguez et al., 2011.

Holotype

AMNH 229333, adult male, collected at Chugur, 9000 ft, 06.40S, 78.45W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Cajamarca, Peru, on 20 April 1926, by Harry Watkins (no. 10294).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and examined six specimens from Chugur and two from Taulis. I found only five specimens from Chugur in either the catalog or the collection. The following are paratypes of chugurensis: Chugur, AMNH 236143–236146, two males and two females, collected 12–23 April 1926; Taulis, AMNH 236147, 236148, one male, one sex?, collected 11 and 17 June 1926.

Buarremon baroni Salvin

Buarremon baroni Salvin, 1895: 5, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Cajabamba (9,000 feet), Huamachuco (10,400 feet)).

Now Atlapetes latinuchus baroni (Salvin, 1895). See Hellmayr, 1938: 395, Garcia-Moreno and Fjeldså, 1999, Dickinson, 2003: 801, Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 699, and Flórez-Rodríguez et al., 2011.

Syntypes

AMNH 100272, AMNH 520517, AMNH 520518, adult males, collected at Cajabamba, 9000 ft, 07.37S, 78.03W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Cajamarca, Peru, in January 1894; AMNH 520520, adult male, collected at Huamachuco, 10,400 ft, 07.48S, 78.04W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), La Libertad, Peru, on 25 March 1894, all collected by O.T. Baron.

Comments

The 1894 Baron collection from Peru, reported on by Salvin (1895), was partly deposited in BMNH and partly in the Rothschild Collection, but types were not designated by Salvin for the new taxa. Thus all of Baron's 1894 specimens of baroni are syntypes of the name, the exact number not given by Salvin. AMNH 100272 was received in exchange from Rothschild in 1907; the other three syntypes came with the purchase of the Rothschild Collection in 1932 but were not listed by Hartert in any of his type lists. There are also two male and one female syntypes in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 57).

Atlapetes rufinucha terborghi Remsen

Atlapetes rufinucha terborghi Remsen, 1993: 429 (Cordillera Vilcabamba, 2630 m, Departamento Cuzco, Peru, 12°37′S, 73°33′W).

Now Atlapetes terborghi Remsen, 1993. See Garcia-Moreno and Fjeldså, 1999, Dickinson, 2003: 801, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 699.

Holotype

AMNH 820436, adult female, collected in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, 2630 m, 12.37S, 73.33W, Cuzco, Peru, on 22 July 1967, by John S. Weske (no. 1334) and John W. Terborgh.

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description and the four paratypes were listed by AMNH number: AMNH 820437, male, 30 July 1967; AMNH 820438, male, 18 July 1967; AMNH 820609, female, 17 July 1968; and AMNH 820633, female, 31 July 1968, all collected on the Cordillera Vilcabamba by Weske and Terborgh.

Atlapetes flaviceps Chapman

Atlapetes flaviceps Chapman, 1912: 162 (Rio Toché, alt. 6800 ft., Quindio Trail, Central Andes).

Now Atlapetes flaviceps Chapman, 1912. See Hellmayr, 1938: 407, Chapman, 1917: 574, pl. 40, Dickinson, 2003: 800, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 647.

Holotype

AMNH 112816, adult male, collected on the Rio Toché, 6800 ft, 04.26N, 75.22W (Paynter, 1997), Tolima, Colombia, on 24 October 1911, by Arthur A. Allen and Leo E. Miller (no. 1082).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description; there is one paratype: AMNH 112815, female, Rio Toché, 25 October 1911, by Allen and Miller.

Atlapetes fusco-olivaceus Chapman

Atlapetes fusco-olivaceus Chapman, 1914a: 185 (San Agustin, alt. 5000 ft., Huila, Colombia).

Now Atlapetes fuscoolivaceus 48Chapman, 1914. See Chapman, 1917: 575, pl. 40, Hellmayr, 1938: 398–399, Dickinson, 2003: 800, and Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 647.

Holotype

AMNH 117150, adult male, collected near San Agustin, 5000 ft, 01.53N, 76.16W (Paynter, 1997), Huila, Colombia, on 17 April 1912, by Leo E. Miller (no. 2494).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, with a type series of three specimens from San Agustin and two from La Palma. There are, in fact, three specimens from La Palma that would have been available to Chapman. The five paratypes are: La Palma, AMNH 117146, male, 4 May 1912; AMNH 117147, female, 28 April 1912; AMNH 117148, male, 30 April 1912; San Agustin, AMNH 117149, male, 13 April 1912; AMNH 117151, female, 17 April 1912, all collected by Leo E. Miller. AMNH 117149 was exchanged to Rothschild in May 1921 and was renumbered AMNH 520398 when the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH in 1932. AMNH 117151 was exchanged to BMNH in May 1921.

Atlapetes celicae Chapman

Atlapetes celicae Chapman, 1925a: 7 (Celica, 6900 ft., southwestern Ecuador).

Now Atlapetes seebohmi celicae 6061Chapman, 1925. See Hellmayr, 1938: 401, Paynter, 1970b: 197, Ridgely and Tudor, 1989: 433–434, and Dickinson, 2003: 801.

Holotype

AMNH 168231, adult male, collected at Celica, 6900 ft, 04.07S, 79.59W (Paynter, 1993), Loja, Ecuador, on 26 September 1920, by George K. Cherrie (no. 22117).

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype; it was his only specimen, and apparently the only one known. Paynter (1970b: 197, footnote 2) placed it in the species A. nationi and discussed the possibility that it is an atypical specimen of simonsi. Ridgely and Tudor (1989: 433–434), giving their reasons in a footnote, included celicae in A. seebohmi, as did Dickinson (2003: 801).

Buarremon rufigenis Salvin

Buarremon rufigenis Salvin, 1895: 5, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Huamachuco, Cajabamba).

Now Atlapetes rufigenis rufigenis (Salvin, 1895). See Hellmayr, 1938: 403, Paynter, 1970b: 199, Dickinson, 2003: 801, and Schulenberg et al., 2007: 606.

Syntypes

AMNH 519569, female, and AMNH 519570, adult male, collected at Huamachuco, 10,400 ft, 07.48S, 78.04W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), La Libertad, Peru, in February 1894; AMNH 519572, adult male, collected at Cajabamba, 11,000 ft, 07.37S, 78.03W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Cajamarca, Peru, on 2 April 1894, all by O.T. Baron.

Comments

In his report on Baron's 1894 expedition to Peru, Salvin (1895) did not designate types but noted (Salvin, 1895: 1) that the collection was partly in the Rothschild Collection (now in AMNH) and partly in the Salvin and Godman Collection (now in BMNH). Of rufigenis, there are four syntypes in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 478) in addition to the three in AMNH. While all three AMNH specimens are syntypes, AMNH 519569 and 519572 were marked “Co-type” by Salvin, even though they were not listed by Hartert in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection and did not bear Rothschild type labels. Dickinson (2003: 801) has accorded full species status to both A. r. rufigenis and A. r. forbesi.

Atlapetes personatus collaris Chapman

Atlapetes personatus collaris Chapman, 1939: 13 (Auyan-tepui, Venezuela, alt. 1850 m.).

Now Atlapetes personatus collaris Chapman, 1939. See Phelps and Phelps, 1963: 419, Paynter, 1970b: 200, and Dickinson, 2003: 800.

Holotype

AMNH 323656, adult male, collected on Auyán-tepuí Plateau, 1850 m, 05.55N, 62.32W (Paynter, 1982), Bolívar, Venezuela, on 7 January 1938, on the Phelps Venezuela Expedition (no. 840).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed the following specimens in his type series, all from Auyán-tepuí: 1450 m, 1; 1500–1850 m, 11; 2000–2200 m, 5. The 16 paratypes are: AMNH 323646–323655, 323657–323662, seven males, two male?, four females, two female?, one sex?, collected between 12 December 1937 and 12 February 1938. AMNH 323660 was exchanged with the Colección Phelps.

See Tate (1938) for notes on this expedition.

Atlapetes duidae Chapman

Atlapetes duidae Chapman, 1929b: 26 (Cerros de Savanna, 4700 ft., tableland, Mt. Duida, Venezuela).

Now Atlapetes personatus duidae 66Chapman, 1929. See Hellmayr, 1938: 410, Ridgely and Tudor, 1989: 432, Dickinson, 2003: 800.

Holotype

AMNH 245936, adult male, collected on Savanna Hills ( =  Cerros de Savanna), 4700 ft, ca. 03.25N, 65.38W (Paynter, 1982), Mt. Duida, Amazonas, Venezuela, on 27 February 1929, by the Olalla brothers on the Tyler Duida Expedition.

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype, examining 10 males and two females from Mount Duida. The 11 paratypes are: AMNH 271760–271770, eight males, two females, one sex? [apparently considered a male by Chapman], 4800–6200 ft, 20 December 1928–14 February 1929. Of these, AMNH 271765, male, and AMNH 271768, female, were exchanged to the Colección Phelps in August 1939. See Chapman (1931) for a joint report on the Lee Garnett Day Expedition to Mt. Roraima and the Tyler Duida Expedition to Mt. Duida. Tate and Hitchcock (1930) reported on the Mt. Duida region.

Because the molecular studies of Cadena et al. (2007) and Flórez-Rodriguez et al. (2011) have not always shown “Buarremon” species to be monophyletic, they are retained in the expanded genus Arremon.

Buarremon atricapillus tacarcunae Chapman

Buarremon atricapillus tacarcunae Chapman, 1923a: 11 (Mt. Tacarcuna, about 3500 ft., eastern Panama).

Now Arremon torquatus tacarcunae (57Chapman, 1923). See Hellmayr, 1938: 423, Wetmore et al., 1984: 593–594, Dickinson, 2003: 799, Cadena et al., 2007, Banks et al., 2008: 764–765, Cadena and Cuervo, 2010: 152–176, and Flórez-Rodríguez et al., 2011.

Holotype

AMNH 136268, adult male, collected on Cerro Tacarcuna ( =  Mt. Tacarcuna), about 3500 ft, 08.11N, 77.17W (Siegel and Olson, 2008), Darién, Panama, on 24 March 1915, by William B. Richardson.

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and said that a list of the specimens examined would be listed in a paper on the genus Buarremon, soon to be published. In it he (Chapman, 1923b: 277) listed four specimens of tacarcunae. The three paratypes are: AMNH 136266, 136267, and 136269, all males from Cerro Tacarcuna, collected in March–May 1915.

Buarremon atricapillus Lawrence

Buarremon atricapillus Lawrence, 1874: 396 (thought to be from Bogota).

Now Arremon torquatus atricapillus (Lawrence, 1874). See Hellmayr, 1938: 422, Wetmore et al., 1984: 594, Dickinson, 2003: 799, Cadena et al., 2007, Banks et al., 2008: 764–765, Cadena and Cuervo, 2010: 152–176, and Flórez-Rodríguez et al., 2011.

Holotype

AMNH 41058, adult sex?, “Bogota,” from Alexander. From the G.N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

Lawrence apparently had a single specimen: “Thought to be from Bogota, and from the make-up of the skin I think the supposition is correct.”

On the original Lawrence label, this specimen was said to have come from [A.H.] Alexander, who was a taxidermist in New York (Wynne, 1969) from whom Lawrence occasionally obtained specimens. It is also labeled “Type” in Lawrence's hand.

Buarremon assimilis nigrifrons Chapman

Buarremon assimilis nigrifrons Chapman, 1923a: 11 (Las Pinas, 3600 ft., Alamor Mts., Prov. Loja, Ecuador).

Now Arremon torquatus nigrifrons (57Chapman, 1923). See Hellmayr, 1938: 418–419, Dickinson, 2003: 799, Cadena et al., 2007, Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 644, 699, Cadena and Cuervo, 2010: 152–176, and Flórez-Rodríguez et al., 2011.

Holotype

AMNH 172533, adult male, collected at Las Piñas, 3600 ft, northeast of Alamor, 04.02S, 80.02W (Paynter, 1993), Alamor Range, Loja, Ecuador, on 11 September 1921, by George K. Cherrie (no. 23956) and Geoffrey Gill.

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and the correct data relating to that specimen. Unfortunately, the type label was tied on the wrong specimen (AMNH 168238, with different data). An AMNH type label has been added to the holotype; the specimen with the incorrect type label, a paratype, remains in the type collection with a label explaining the problem because it has for so many years been accepted as the type. Chapman (1923b: 277) listed 45 specimens examined, including the type but omitting two unsexed specimens that would have been available to him when nigrifrons was described. There are thus 46 paratypes: Ecuador, Alamor, AMNH 168237–168242, 172534-172537, six males and four females; Guaniche, AMNH 172538–172540, two males, one unsexed specimen; Guachanomá, AMNH 168243, one male; Cebollal, AMNH 172541, one male; Las Piñas, AMNH 172532, one male; La Puente, AMNH 172546, one male; Punte Santa Ana, AMNH 168252–168254, three females; Loja, AMNH 130361, 130362, two males; Salvias, AMNH 168250, 168251, two females; Portovelo, AMNH 168244–168249, 172542–172545, six males, three females, one male?; Zaruma, AMNH 130357–130360, 130363, two males, one immature male, two females. Peru: Palambla, AMNH 175702–175708, six males, one sex?. Of these paratypes, the following have been exchanged: AMNH 130358, 168240, 172534, and 172536 to MCZ in July 1928; AMNH 168244 and 168248 to ANSP in July 1928; and AMNH 172540 to MECN in July 1984.

Buarremon fimbriatus Chapman

Buarremon fimbriatus Chapman, 1923a: 11 (Tujma, 8200 ft, near Mizque, Dept. Cochabamba, Bolivia).

Now Arremon torquatus fimbriatus (57Chapman, 1923). See Hellmayr, 1938: 421–422, Dickinson, 2003: 799, Cadena et al., 2007, Ridgely and Tudor, 2009: 644, 699, Cadena and Cuervo, 2010: 152–176, and Flórez-Rodríguez et al, 2011.

Holotype

AMNH 139751, adult male, collected at Tujuma, 8200 ft, ca. 17.52S, 65.18W (Paynter, 1992), Cochabamba, Bolivia, on 24 September 1915, by Miller (no. 13807) and Boyle.

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and (Chapman, 1923b: 278) listed the eight specimens he examined, including the type. The seven paratypes are all from the type locality: AMNH 139749, 139750, 139752–139756, one male, five females, one sex?.

Pselliophorus luteoviridis Griscom

Pselliophorus luteoviridis Griscom, 1924a: 10 (Cerro Flores, alt. 6000 ft., eastern Chiriqui, Panama).

Now Pselliophorus luteoviridis Griscom, 1924. See Hellmayr, 1938: 384, Wetmore et al., 1984: 588, and Dickinson, 2003: 801.

Holotype

AMNH 182976, female, collected on Cerro Flores, 5500 ft (as on label), 08.29N, 81.44W (Siegel and Olson, 2008), Chiriquí, Panama, on 14 March 1924, by Ludlow Griscom.

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description; it was the only specimen. Griscom (1924b: 509–519) wrote a popular account of this expedition. See Siegel and Olson (2008: 168–169) for a discussion of this type locality.

Fringilla ornata Wied

Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser

Fringilla ornata Wied, 1821: 191 (Fazenda Valo).

Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser, 1905: 67.

Now Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser, 1905. See Hellmayr, 1938: 374–375, Sick, 1997: 778, and Dickinson, 2003: 801.

Syntypes

AMNH 4622, male, and AMNH 4623, female, collected in Brazil, by Maximillian, Prince of Wied. From the Maximillian Collection.

Comments

Allen (1889b: 225) listed these two specimens as syntypes of Fringilla ornata Wied, under the then-current name Tiaris ornata. These specimens formerly had been mounted and the one original label had served for both specimens, with both male and female sex symbols. This label is pasted on the reverse of the label on the female. The type locality was given by Wied as Fazenda Valo, near the frontier of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Allen (1889b: 225) gave the type locality as Barra da Vareda, interior of the “Province of Brazil.” This was undoubtedly based on Wied (1830: 613): “Dieser niedliche Vogel lebt im inneren Brasilien. Ich fand ihn in den mit Gesträuchen abwechselnden Gegenden von Barra da Vareda im Sertog der Provinz Bahia, wo ich ein einziges Paar dieser Vögel erhielt.” According to Hellmayr (1938: 374), these two localities are in the same district of Bahia. Paynter (1970b: 209) equated Fazenda Valo with Geral do Valo  =  Serra Geral, 15.25S, 42.48W (Paynter and Traylor, 1991). Wied (1830: 613) also mentioned that Temminck, 1823 (Temminck and Laugier de Chartrouse, 1820–1839), had illustrated these birds on plate 208.

Oberholser (1905: 67) introduced the generic name Charitospiza and provided the replacement name, Charitospiza eucosma for Fringilla ornata Wied, preoccupied by Fringilla ornata Vieillot, 1817. The two names share the same syntypes (ICZN 1999: 78, Art. 72.7).

Fringilla pileata Wied

Fringilla pileata Wied, 1821: 160 (Barra da Vareda).

Now Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus (Wied, 1821). See Hellmayr, 1938: 379–380, and Dickinson, 2003: 802.

Syntypes

AMNH 4618, [male]; AMNH 4619, [male]; AMNH 4621, male, collected at Barra da Vareda, Rio Pardo, southern Bahia, Brazil, by Maximilian, Prince of Wied. From the Maximilian Collection.

Comments

Allen (1889b: 225–226) listed these three syntypes from the Maximilian Collection but gave the type locality as Campos Geraës, Bahia. This was undoubtedly based on Wied's (1830: 605) statement: “Dieser niedliche Fink lebt im inneren Brasilien, wo ich ihn in den grossen Campos Geraës im Sertong der Provinz Bahiá, an den Gränzen von Minas Geraës antraf.” Only AMNH 4621 still bears an original label, which is pasted to the reverse of the AMNH label; the other two are in male plumage.

Paynter and Traylor (1991) equated Barra da Vareda with Inhobim, 15.15S, 40.57W.

Paroaria baeri Hellmayr

Paroaria baeri Hellmayr, 1907a: 43 (Rio Araguaya, State of Goyaz, Brazil).

Now Paroaria baeri baeri 154Hellmayr, 1907. See Hellmayr, 1938: 65, and Dickinson, 2003: 802.

Holotype

AMNH 520205, adult female, collected on the Rio Araguaia ( =  Rio Araguaya), Goiás, Brazil, in August 1906, by G.A. Baer (no. 2396). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hellmayr gave Baer's unique field number of the holotype in the original description and noted that Baer obtained two adults and one young specimen. Later, Hellmayr (1908: 14, 36–37), in his full report on Baer's collection, gave more detail on the type series and stated that the collecting locality on the Rio Araguaia was near Leopoldina, 550 m altitude. Paynter and Traylor (1991) equated Leopoldina with Aruanã, 14.54S, 51.05W. The two paratypes are: AMNH 520206, immature female, collected in August 1906 by Baer (no. 2357); AMNH 520207, male, collected in June 1906 by Baer (no. 2212), both from the Rio Araguaia.

Syntype

AMNH 515031, adult male, collected at Maraynioc, 11.22S, 75.24W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Junín, Peru, on 28 January 1893, by J. Kalinowski (no. 1856). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Berlepsch and Stolzmann did not designate a type, but said that Kalinowski collected five specimens at Maraynioc in December 1891, September 1892, and January 1893. The above specimen bears Kalinowski's original label, marked “Typus” on the reverse. The second locality, Pariayacu, also on this label is close to Maraynioc, according to Stephens and Traylor (1983).

Mlíkovský (2009: 145–146) listed two of the five (not six) syntypes as present in MIZ. This syntype is a third.

Holotype

AMNH 145557, [male], collected at the foot of Machu Picchu, San Miguel Bridge, ca. 13.06S, 72.38W (Vaurie, 1972), Urubamba Cañon, 5000 ft, Cuzco, Peru, on 19 July 1916, by Harry Watkins.

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Although the specimen was sexed in the field as a female, it was described as a [male] based on plumage. The second specimen, AMNH 145558, also published as [male] but sex? on field label, collected at Chauillay, Urubamba River, 3700 ft, is the paratype.

Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Chapman

Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Chapman, 1891: 324 (thirty miles west of Corpus Christi, Texas).

Now Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Chapman, 1891. See Hellmayr, 1938: 68–69, Halkin and Linville, 1999, and Dickinson, 2003: 823.

Syntypes

AMNH 54935, male, and AMNH 54937, female, both collected 30 mi west of Corpus Christi, 27.47N, 97.26W (Times Atlas), Texas, on 23 April 1891, by Frank M. Chapman (nos. 2022 and 2024, respectively).

Comments

The above two specimens were designated syntypes in the original description. Because Chapman designated syntypes, other specimens collected at the same time have no nomenclatural standing (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.6).

Cardinalis phoeniceus Bonaparte

Cardinalis phoeniceus (Gould MS) Bonaparte, 1838: 111 (received by Mr. Gould from the country south of the Bay of Honduras).

Now Cardinalis phoeniceus Bonaparte, 1838. See Hartert, 1919: 155, Hellmayr, 1938: 74–75, and Dickinson, 2003: 823.

Holotype

AMNH 515537, unsexed [male], collected in “the country south of the Bay of Honduras,” undated. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert (1919: 155) claimed that this specimen was the type of Bonaparte's name, based on a name written by Gould on the specimen in the collection of the Zoological Society of London but never published by Gould. There is no longer a label on the specimen indicating this, the earliest label being that of T.C. Eyton, who has written on his label that the specimen was from “Honduras” and came to him from the Zoological Society of London. He has also annotated it “or. of Bonaparte description.” On the reverse, Hartert has documented the history of the specimen: Coll. Zool. Soc., Mus. T.C. Eyton, Coll. E. Bartlett, and to the Rothschild Collection and added “This is type, NOT the one in B.M. (E.H.).” This was accepted by Warren and Harrison (1971: 434).

Bonaparte named the genus Cardinalis at this time, and in the original description named two new species of the genus, both of which “come from Mexico.” The entire description of C. phoeniceus was as follows: “A small but most splendid species, received by Mr. Gould from the country south of the Bay of Honduras.” There is no indication that the specimen was ever in Gould's private collection, but he certainly might have annotated a specimen in the Zoological Society of London collection while he was working there.

The reverse of Eyton's label bears the number “3.a.” and there is a small circular tag bearing the number “1501”; the significance of these numbers is unknown. The correct collecting locality was probably Venezuela (Hellmayr, 1938: 74). The specimen was formerly mounted.

Pitylus canadensis frontalis Hellmayr

Pitylus canadensis frontalis Hellmayr, 1905a: 277 (S. Lourenço, Pernambuco, 28 to 60 metr. elev.).

Now Caryothraustes canadensis frontalis (Hellmayr, 1905). See Hellmayr, 1938: 47, and Dickinson, 2003: 824.

Holotype

AMNH 515637, female, collected at São Lourenço da Mata, 28–60 m, 08.00S, 35.03W (Paynter and Traylor, 1991), Pernambuco, Brazil, on 29 July 1903, by Alphonse Robert (no. 1742). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hellmayr designated as type the specimen bearing Robert's no. 1742. He also included, as paratypes, two specimens in BMNH from Pernambuco collected by W.A. Forbes.

Pytilus [sic] (Caryothraustes) humeralis Lawrence

Pytilus [sic] (Caryothraustes) humeralis Lawrence, 1867b: 467 (New Granada, St. Fé de Bogota).

Now Parkerthraustes humeralis (Lawrence, 1867). See Hellmayr, 1938: 50–51, Remsen, 1997: 89, and Dickinson, 2003: 824.

Holotype

AMNH 41133, unsexed, collected near Bogotá ( =  “St. Fé de Bogota”), 04.36S, 74.05W (Paynter, 1997), Cundinamarca, Colombia ( =  New Granada), obtained by Lawrence from “Dr. S.” From the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

Apparently, Lawrence had the single specimen, which he may have received on exchange from Sclater or Salvin ( = ? Dr. S.). The Lawrence label on this specimen has only the locality “Bogota,” Santa Fé de Bogota being the old name for Bogotá (see Sclater, 1855b: 131).

Saltator intermedius Lawrence

Saltator intermedius Lawrence, 1864b: 106 (New Granada, Isthmus of Panama).

Now Saltator maximus intermedius Lawrence, 1864. See Hellmayr, 1938: 10–11, Wetmore et al., 1984: 534–535, and Dickinson, 2003: 824.

Syntypes

AMNH 41108, juvenile male, collected by McLeannan (no. 58 Jr or Jv); AMNH 41109, female, AMNH 41122, male, both collected by James McLeannan and John R. Galbraith (nos. 59F and 59M, respectively), all collected in Panama. From the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Lawrence did not designate a type or say how many specimens he had, noting only that he had earlier, in the first part of his Catalogue, assigned his single female specimen to Saltator magnus (Lawrence, 1861a: 297) but that he had more recently received specimens of both sexes. The specimens listed in the first part of his Catalogue had been collected by McLeannan alone. None of the specimens is dated. As the only female now in the collection is one collected later by McLeannan and Galbraith together, it seems likely that Lawrence considered the single specimen collected earlier to be a female as it has only a few feathers of the black breast band present. McLeannan's small square tag was present on this specimen and it appears to be marked “58 Jr or Jv,” but this could have easily been misread by Lawrence. No type status is indicated on any of the three specimens. These specimens had not previously been recognized as types.

Saltator atripennis caniceps Chapman

Saltator atripennis caniceps Chapman, 1914a: 182 (Fusugasugá, alt. 6000 ft., Eastern Andes, Colombia).

Now Saltator atripennis caniceps 48Chapman, 1914. See Hellmayr, 1938: 14, and Dickinson, 2003: 824.

Holotype

AMNH 122733, adult male, collected at Fusagasugá ( =  Fusugasugá), 8000 ft, 04.21N, 74.22W (Paynter, 1997), Cundinamarca, Colombia, on 29 March 1913, by P.G. Howes.

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and accepted the following specimens as belonging to his new subspecies: four from Fusagasugá (including the type), one from “Bogota,” and two from Gaulea, Ecuador. He expressed doubt concerning two Quito specimens and listed specimens from Ricaurte, Colombia, as intergrades; these are not included in the type series (ICZN, 1999: 76, Art. 72.4.1). The following paratypes are in AMNH: AMNH 41099, a “Bogota” specimen with no data, from the Lawrence Collection; AMNH 125006 and 125007, males, Gaulea, Ecuador, collected 17 June 1913 and February 1913, respectively; and AMNH 122731, sex?, AMNH 122732, female, collected at Aguadita (above Fusagasugá) 26 and 27 March 1913, respectively. A third paratype from Fusagasugá was not cataloged at AMNH, nor is there such a specimen in the collection.

Tanagra superciliaris Wied

Tanagra superciliaris Wied, 1830: 518 (Campo Geral).

Now Saltator similis similis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, 1837. See Hellmayr, 1938: 14–16, Dickinson, 2003: 825.

Syntype

AMNH 6768, male [female], collected at Campo Geral, Brazil, undated, by Maximilian, Prince of Wied. From the Maximilian Collection.

Comments

When Allen (1889b: 221) listed the Wied types in AMNH, he listed two syntypes and commented: “The original description appears to have been based on a female and a young male. Of the former he says (Beitr., p. 520): ‘Auch das oben beschriebene Weibchen schien noch nicht sein vollkommenes Gefieder zu tragen,’ which seems to apply well to the bird given above as No. 6768.” The specimen is in very worn plumage. Allen (1889b: 221) published it as a female adult even though the Wied label pasted to the back of the AMNH type label identified it as a male. The specimen was formerly mounted.

The second syntype, AMNH 6863, not marked in the AMNH catalog as a type, was exchanged to USNM and numbered USNM 76791. An unsexed, mounted specimen, it was destroyed in 1940, probably either as a result of insect infestation or extreme deterioration (James Dean, personal commun.).

Wied's name, Tanagra superciliaris, is a primary homonym of Tanagra superciliaris Spix, 1825. As such, Wied's name is permanently invalid (ICZN, 1999: 59, Art. 57.2) and is replaced by the next oldest name among the synonyms (ICZN, 1999: 26, Art. 23.3.5), Saltator similis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, 1837.

Paynter and Traylor (1991) thought it probable that the Campo Geral referred to by Allen (1889b: 221) was Serra Geral, on the Minas Gerais/Bahia border at 15.25S, 42.48W.

Saltator grandis hesperis Griscom

Saltator grandis hesperis Griscom, 1930: 8 (San José, Guatemala).

Now Saltator coerulescens hesperis Griscom, 1930. See Hellmayr, 1938: 19–20, and Dickinson, 2003: 824.

Holotype

AMNH 399307, adult male, collected at San José, 13.58N, 90.50W (Times Atlas), Guatemala, on 24 January 1920, by Austin Paul Smith (no. 19837). From the Dwight Collection (no. 56541).

Comments

In the original description, Griscom cited the Dwight Collection number of the holotype and listed the material examined, but did not give all of the collecting locality names. Using the localities listed later by Griscom (1932b: 354), the following 25 paratypes are in AMNH: San Lucas, AMNH 397780–397782, three males; Finca El Cipres, AMNH 397783, 397785, one male, one female; Finca El Espino, AMNH 397784, male; Hacienda California, AMNH 397786–397797, 397799, 397800, nine males, three females, one immature male?, one immature sex?; Panajachel, AMNH 397798, male?; Ocos, AMNH 397801, female; San Felipe, Retalhulen, AMNH 399304, male; Lake Amatitlan, AMNH 399305, 399306, one male, one female. All of these paratypes were labeled “hesperis” or “nearest hesperis” and initialed by Griscom. AMNH 397779, an adult male from La Primavera, was labeled hesperis ± grandis by Griscom but was not included in the localities listed by him later (Griscom, 1932b: 354). I did not consider it a paratype. There are perhaps other paratypes at MCZ.

Pitylus nigriceps Chapman

Pitylus nigriceps Chapman, 1914b: 322 (Loja, alt. 7000 ft., Prov. Loja, Ecuador).

Now Saltator nigriceps (48Chapman, 1914). See Hellmayr, 1938: 35–36, and Dickinson, 2003: 825.

Holotype

AMNH 130262, adult male, collected at Loja, 7000 ft, 04.00S, 79.13W (Paynter, 1993), Loja, Ecuador, on 14 October 1913, by William B. Richardson.

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description; in addition he had a second unsexed specimen “possibly female.” AMNH 130263, unsexed, from Loja, 7000 ft, 11 October 1912, by W.B. Richardson, is the paratype.

Saltator aurantiirostris iteratus Chapman

Saltator aurantiirostris iteratus Chapman, 1927b: 3 (Chugur, 9000 ft., 40 miles northwest of Cajamarca, northwestern Peru).

Now Saltator aurantiirostris iteratus 64Chapman, 1927. See Hellmayr, 1938: 35, and Dickinson, 2003: 825.

Holotype

AMNH 229035, adult male, collected at Chugur, 9000 ft, 06.40S, 78.45W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), 40 miles northwest of Cajamarca, northwestern Peru, on 17 April 1926, by Harry Watkins (no. 10284).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed (Chapman, 1927b: 19) the specimens of iteratus that he examined, noting two paratypes in AMNH from the type locality but only one, AMNH 229036, was cataloged. He also had one FMNH paratype from Cajamarca.

Saltator aurantiirostris bolivianus Chapman

Saltator aurantiirostris hellmayri Bond and Meyer de Schauensee

Saltator aurantiirostris bolivianus Chapman, 1927b: 3 (Tujma, 8200 ft., Dept. Cochabamba, Bolivia).

Now Saltator aurantiirostris hellmayri Bond and Meyer de Schauensee, 1939. See Hellmayr, 1938: 33, Paynter, 1970d: 234, and Dickinson, 2003: 825.

Holotype

AMNH 139630, adult male, collected at Tujma, 8200 ft, ca. 17.52S, 65.18W (Paynter, 1992), Cochabamba, Bolivia, on 25 September 1915, by Leo E. Miller (no. 13865) and Howarth Boyle.

Comments

In the original description, Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype, and on pages 18–19 of the same publication listed the specimens examined. Of bolivianus he had nine from Parotani, AMNH 137983–137988, 148837–148839; five (only four cataloged) from Vinto, AMNH 137989–137992; two from Rio Cachimayo, AMNH 139621, 139622; eight (of which I found only five) from Rio Pilcomayo, AMNH 139624–139628; five (+ the type) from Tujma (of which I found only four), AMNH 139629, 139631,139632, 139635; two from California, AMNH 139638, 139639; one from Chilon, AMNH 139640; and four (actually five) from Pulque, AMNH 139641–139645. AMNH 139633 was apparently part of a large exchange to BIM in 1923, although the date is not entered in the catalog, and was not returned when the BIM collection was deposited at AMNH in 1935. It would not have been available to Chapman when bolivianus was described.

Hellmayr (1938: 33) noted that Chapman's name Saltator aurantiirostris bolivianus was preoccupied by S. cayanus bolivianus Chubb, 1921, a synonym of S. m. maximus Mueller, 1776. Bond and Meyer de Schauensee (1939: 2) then provided the replacement name S. a. hellmayri. The two names share the same type (ICZN, 1999: 78, Art. 72.7).

Saltator aurantiirostris tilcarae Chapman

Saltator aurantiirostris tilcarae Chapman, 1927b: 2 (Tilcara, 8000 ft., Prov. Jujuy, Argentina).

Now Saltator aurantiirostris aurantiirostris Vieillot, 1817. See Hellmayr, 1938: 32–33, Paynter, 1970d: 234–235, and Dickinson, 2003: 825.

Holotype

AMNH 142130, adult male, collected at Tilcara, 8000 ft, 23.34S, 65.22W (Paynter, 1995), Jujuy, Argentina, on 12 February 1916, by Leo E. Miller (no 15439B) and Howarth S. Boyle.

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and (on p. 18) noted the specimens of tilcarae that he examined. Paratypes in AMNH are: Perico, AMNH 142126, 142127; Tilcara, AMNH 142128, 142129; and Rosario de Lerma, AMNH 142137, 142138 and 142139. Chapman (1927b: 18) listed three specimens in addition to the type from Tilcara, but only two were cataloged.

Saltator aurantiirostris parkesi Silva

Saltator aurantiirostris parkesi Silva, 1990: 172 (Estância Vizcacheras, Santa Elena, Entre Rios, Argentina).

Now Saltator aurantiirostris parkesi Silva, 1990. See Dickinson, 2003: 825.

Holotype

AMNH 780694, adult male, collected at Estância Vizchacheras, 31.08S, 59.46W (Paynter, 1995), near Santa Elena, Entre Rios, Argentina, on 27 April (not May) 1961, by William H. Partridge and Philip S. Humphrey (no. 2761).

Comments

Silva cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed the following specimens as paratypes: adult males, AMNH 780688, 780690, and 780691; female, AMNH 780728, all from the type locality.

Silva is the correct way to list the author of this name.

Saltator cinctus J.T. Zimmer

Saltator cinctus J.T. Zimmer, 1943a: 33 (Cutucú [near Macas], eastern Ecuador; altitude 2,000 meters.).

Now Saltator cinctus J.T. Zimmer, 1943. See Paynter, 1970d: 235, and Dickinson, 2003: 825.

Holotype

AMNH 748391, adult female, collected near Macas, 02.19S, 78.07W (Paynter, 1993), Cordillera Cutucú, 2000 m, Morona-Santiago, Ecuador, on 28 December 1940, by Leopoldo Gomez.

Comments

In the original description, Zimmer cited the AMNH number of the holotype. He had the single specimen. It is not certain which of the two ranges of the Cordillera Cutucú was visited by Gomez (Paynter, 1993: 58–59).

[Fringilla iugularis Wied]

This name, used by Wied (1830: 558), was apparently a recombination referring to Tanagra jugularis Lichtenstein (1823: 31), although Lichtenstein's name was not mentioned, and considered by Wied to be a synonym of Tanagra atricollis Spix, 1825 ( =  Saltator atricollis Vieillot, 1817). Allen (1889: 222) listed two specimens, AMNH 6766 and AMNH 6767, bearing the Wied name. These two specimens are in AMNH but are not types and have apparently never had type labels attached.

Saltator immaculatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Saltator immaculatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1892: 375 (Lima et d'Ica).

Now Saltator striatipectus immaculatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1892. See Hartert 1919: 155, Hellmayr, 1938: 43–44, and Dickinson, 2003: 825.

Syntypes

AMNH 515928, adult male, 16 September 1889, and AMNH 515929, female, 23 October 1889, both collected at Lima, 12.03S, 77.03W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Peru, by J. Kalinowski (nos. 62 and 197, respectively). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Kalinowski collected eight specimens of this form in September and October 1889 at Lima and d'Ica, and it was described by Berlepsch and Stolzmann without designating a type. The above two specimens in AMNH were marked “typus” by the authors. Hartert (1919: 375) listed only the male as a cotype ( =  syntype); the second syntype has been added to the type collection. There are also two syntypes present in MIZ and two additional ones that are lost (Mlíkovský, 2009: 141). A third specimen, AMNH 515930, was collected by Kalinowski at Lima on 14 November 1889, but because only September and October specimens were included in the type series, this specimen has no type standing, nor is it marked “typus.”

Guiraca Rothschildii Bartlett

Guiraca Rothschildii Bartlett, 1890: 168 (Carimang River, British Guiana).

Now Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildii (Bartlett, 1890). See Hartert, 1919: 154, Hellmayr, 1938: 97–99, Paynter, 1970d: 239, and Dickinson, 2003: 825.

Lectotype

AMNH 514095, adult male, collected on the Kamarang River ( =  Rio Carimang), 1500 ft, 05.54S, 60.35W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Guiana, on 22 April 1885, by Henry Whitely. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Bartlett did not designate a type in the original description, but described male and female; in his table of measurements of rothschildii as well as of related forms, he gave measurements separately for each specimen, therefore, he had only the two specimens. Hartert (1919: 154) listed the male as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. The female specimen, AMNH 514096, is the paralectotype.

The type bears three labels: the original Whitely label, a Rothschild type label, and a plain stiff paper label that is apparently Bartlett's label. On the front of this label is his new name and his number 7541A; on the reverse is the name, G. cyanea, crossed out, and the number “4, a.” of unknown significance.

Cyanocompsa cyanea caucae Chapman

Cyanocompsa cyanea caucae Chapman, 1912: 163 (La Manuelita near Palmira, alt. 3500 ft., Cauca Valley, Colombia).

Now Cyanocompsa brissoni caucae Chapman, 1912. See Hellmayr, 1938: 104–105, Paynter, 1970d: 239, and Dickinson, 2003: 825.

Holotype

AMNH 109175, adult male, collected at La Manuelita near Palmira, alt. 3500 ft, 03.35N, 76.17W (Paynter, 1997), Valle del Cauca, Colombia, on 14 April 1911 by Frank M. Chapman and William B. Richardson.

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, noting that he had seven specimens, including the type. The six paratypes are: AMNH 107345–107349, two males, one immature male, and two females, collected at Caldas, 2000 ft, between 18 and 29 November 1910; and AMNH 109176, female, collected at Palmira, 11 April 1911.

Paynter (1970d: 239) included both the genera Guiraca and Cyanocompsa in the genus Passerina. To avoid the resulting nomenclatural confusion that would have resulted from this merger, the ICZN (1979: 24–26) suppressed the specific name cyanea as published in the binomen Loxia cyanea Linnaeus, 1758 [ =  Cyanocompsa cyanea] for the purposes of both the Law of Priority and the Law of Homonymy in order to conserve the widely used name Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus, 1766) for the North American Indigo Bunting. The next available name for the South American Indigo Bunting, published as Fringilla brissonii Lichtenstein, 1823, was at that time placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name Number 2662, type locality Bahia, Brazil, and is now the correct specific name to use.

Cyanocompsa parellina dearborni Miller and Griscom

Cyanocompsa parellina dearborni Miller and Griscom, 1925: 1 (San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua).

Now Cyanocompsa parellina parellina (Bonaparte, 1850). See Hellmayr, 1938: 94, Paynter, 1970d: 241, and Dickinson, 2003: 826.

Holotype

AMNH 103492, adult male, collected at San Rafael del Norte, 4000–5000 ft, Nicaragua, on 5 February 1909, by William B. Richardson.

Comments

Miller and Griscom cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed the specimens examined. The six paratypes are: San Rafael del Norte, AMNH 101502, female, 7 April 1907, and AMNH 103491, male, 31 December 1908; Las Cañas, AMNH 144557, male, 12 April 1917; Matagalpa, AMNH 101501, female, 22 March 1907, AMNH 423598, immature male, 20 February 1917, AMNH 423599, female, 7 February 1917.

Guiraca caerulea interfusa Dwight and Griscom

Guiraca caerulea interfusa Dwight and Griscom, 1927: 4 (Fort Lowell, Arizona).

Now Passerina caerulea interfusa (Dwight and Griscom, 1927). See Hellmayr, 1938: 89–90, Ingold, 1993: 2–3, Klicka et al., 2001, and Dickinson, 2003: 826.

Holotype

AMNH 364955, adult male, collected at Fort Lowell, Arizona, on 31 May 1905, by H. Kimball. From the collection of Jonathan Dwight (no. 19356).

Comments

Dwight and Griscom cited the Dwight number of the holotype in the original description and listed the specimens examined. I have considered only those specimens in AMNH that were labeled interfusa and initialed by Dwight to be paratypes. I have not included those that Dwight considered questionable. Paratypes in AMNH: A. Buller Collection, Zapothlau, Jalisco, Mexico, AMNH 36847–36849, three males. Mearns Collection, Fort Verde, Arizona, AMNH 53102–53115, 75093, 13 males, two females; Fort Hancock, Texas, AMNH 69259, 69262, two males; Fort Clark, Texas, AMNH 69261, male. Sennett Collection, Fort Davis, Texas, AMNH 84440, female. Batty Collection, Escuinapa, Sinaloa, Mexico, AMNH 91797–91799, 92923, three males, one sex?; Arroyo de Lemones, Sinaloa, Mexico, AMNH 91800, male; Rancho Baillon, Durango, Mexico, AMNH 92396, male; Arroyo de Gavilan, Jalisco, Mexico, AMNH 104944–104947, four males; Ojo de Agua, Tepic, Mexico, AMNH 104948, male. Dwight Collection, Whetstone Mountains, Arizona, AMNH 364956, male; Fort Davis, Texas, AMNH 364958, male; Jose del Cabo, Baja California, Mexico, AMNH 364959, immature male. Other paratypes are probably in MCZ.

Passerina versicolor purpurascens Griscom

Passerina versicolor purpurascens Griscom, 1930: 12 (Progreso, Guatemala).

Now Passerina versicolor purpurascens Griscom, 1930. See Hellmayr, 1938: 110–111, Klicka et al., 2001, and Dickinson, 2003: 826.

Holotype

AMNH 397359, adult male, collected at Progreso, Guatemala, on 10 July 1924, by Alfred W. Anthony (no. 341). From the Jonathan Dwight Collection (no. 58453).

Comments

Griscom cited the Dwight Collection number of the holotype in the original description and listed two adult males, including the type, and one immature female of his new subspecies. The paratype in AMNH is AMNH 397360, male, from Progreso. The immature female paratype may be at MCZ. Dickerman (1987b: 84) listed this type.

Tanagra caerulescens Wied

Tanagra caerulescens Wied, 1830: 541 (Campos Geraës des inneren Brasilien's).

Now Porphyrospiza caerulescens (Wied, 1830). See Allen, 1889b: 140, 225, Hellmayr, 1938: 114, Paynter, 1970d: 246, and Dickinson, 2003: 787.

Holotype

AMNH 6764, adult male, collected in Campos Geraës, Brazil, by Maximilian, Prince of Wied. From the Maximilian Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Wied (1830: 544) noted that he had a single male specimen. Allen (1889b: 225) listed this specimen as the type of T. caerulescens, the original Wied label reading “T. coerulescens mihi.” He discussed it in detail (Allen, 1889b: 140) but questioned whether it was a synonym of Emberiza cyanella Sparrman, 1787, as had been suggested. Hellmayr (1938: 114) noted that it was not the same; therefore, Wied's name was the correct one for the species. Wied's single specimen was formerly mounted and is in badly worn plumage. Paynter and Traylor (1991) suggested that Wied's “Campos Geraës” may be Serra Geral, 15.25S, 42.48W, Minas Gerais.

Paynter (1970d: 245) included the species in the genus Passerina.

Syntype

AMNH 6861, adult male, collected at Fazenda von Ilha, Campos Geraës, Brazil, by Maximilian, Prince of Wied. From the Maximilian Collection.

Comments

According to Allen (1889b: 222), the original label read: “Orchestichus capistratus Wied. Mas. Brasilia. M.R. T. leucophaea Licht.” The label apparently was cut subsequently in order to allow it to be pasted on the back of the AMNH label and now only reads: “T. leucophaea Licht. ♂, Brasilia. M.R.” The manuscript catalog, dated 1865, quoted by Allen (1889b: 222), listed three names: “Schistochlamis leucophaea Licht. Caban. (Tanagra capistrata Spix, Wied, Tanagra leucophaea Licht.).” Both the Lichtenstein and Spix names were published after Wied's publication of capistrata and are synonyms. Later, Wied (1830: 500–504) gave descriptions of both male and female and his catalog listed male and female, so there was at least one additional syntype.

This specimen had been inadvertently exchanged with USNM, possibly because Wied's name had been cut off of the original label, and it was returned to AMNH on 14 November 1889, apparently just before Allen's paper on the Wied types was published in December 1889. It had been given the USNM no. 76789, which appears on the Wied label. The specimen was formerly mounted.

Paynter and Traylor (1991) equated Fazenda Ilha with Ilha Dentro, 15.06S, 41.41W, Bahia, about 5 km from the border with Minas Gerais. The generic name Schistochlamys Reichenbach, 1850, has been conserved, with Tanagra capistrata Wied, 1821, as its type species (see Gregory, 2000, and ICZN, 2004).

Schistochlamys melanopis amazonica J.T. Zimmer

Schistochlamys melanopis amazonica J.T. Zimmer, 1947b: 24 (Santarem, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil).

Now Schistochlamys melanopis amazonica J.T. Zimmer, 1947. See Storer, 1970: 249, and Dickinson, 2003: 802.

Holotype

AMNH 428965, adult male, collected at Santarém, 02.26S, 54.42W (Paynter and Traylor, 1991), Rio Tapajós, Pará, Brazil, on 7 August 1931, by Alfonso M. Olalla.

Comments

Zimmer cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed 28 specimens, including the holotype, that he examined. The 27 paratypes are: Maranhão, AMNH 245684, female; Santa Rita do Araguaia, AMNH 270396, male; Rio Bonita, Fazenda Bejoy, AMNH 270397, sex?; Santarém, AMNH 428961–428964, 428966–428975, nine males, two females, three sex?; Rio Madeira, Humaythá, AMNH 511617, 511618, two males; Goias, AMNH 511619–511626, four males, two females, two sex?.

Cypsnagra ruficollis pallidigula Hellmayr

Cypsnagra ruficollis pallidigula Hellmayr, 1907b: 350 (Humaytha).

Now Cypsnagra hirundinacea pallidigula 154Hellmayr, 1907. See Hellmayr, 1936: 366, Isler and Isler, 1999: 48–49, and Dickinson, 2003: 805.

Holotype

AMNH 511072, adult male, collected at Humaitá ( =  Humaytha), 07.31S, 63.02W (Paynter and Traylor, 1991), Rio Madeira, Amazonas, Brazil, by Wilhelm Hoffmanns (no. 1290). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hellmayr gave Hoffmanns' unique field number of the holotype in the original description. In addition, Hellmayr had an adult female from Humaitá, paratype AMNH 511071, also collected by Hoffmanns (no. 1273), and he included two specimens from Luschnath, Bahia, in BMNH in his new subspecies as well.

Lamprospiza charmesi Penard and Penard

Lamprospiza charmesi Penard and Penard, 1910: 463 (Pararakweg, Surinam).

Now Lamprospiza melanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817). See Hellmayr, 1936: 437–438, Isler and Isler, 1999: 51–53, and Dickinson, 2003: 803.

?Syntypes

AMNH 511552, female, 12 January 1906; AMNH 511553, (Putscher no. 27), adult male, 14 December 1905; AMNH 511554, adult male, 4 January 1906, all collected in the interior of Surinam by H.R. Putscher. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, the Penards did not indicate the number of specimens in their type series, saying only that the new species was named for E. Charmes because the first specimens of the species were collected by him on the Pararak-weg. There is no specimen collected by E. Charmes in AMNH, and the above three specimens are the only Surinam specimens of L. melanoleuca. Putscher is not mentioned by the Penards and there is nothing on the labels to indicate that they ever belonged to the Penards; in fact, the Rothschild labels on the Putscher specimens are printed “H.R. Putscher”. Hartert did not mention L. charmesi in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection. However, Hellmayr (1936: 437–438), in listing L charmesi as a synonym of L. melanoleuca, noted that the syntypes had been in the Rothschild Museum and were now in AMNH, and all three bear AMNH type labels, apparently attached by Zimmer (1947b: 22), who referred to these as syntypes.

T.E. Penard (1924: 145–168), Peters (1937: 232–234), Haverschmidt (1949: 56), and Haverschmidt and Mees (1994: 23) published important information on the Penards. The brothers F.P. and A.P. Penard suffered from leprosy. Unable to do fieldwork themselves, they depended on friends to collect birds for them. They, along with T.E. Penard, were three of four Penard brothers interested in natural history. The W.A. Penard, who is noted below as corresponding with Rothschild, was probably the fourth brother and the William Penard who supplied data to both Peters and Haverschmidt. The Penard collection consisted of about 875 specimens, which had been purchased from them by Rothschild to enable volume one of their book to be published (in 1908). A printout of Surinam (Dutch Guiana) specimens in AMNH, kindly provided by T. Trombone, shows only 116 specimens attributed to Penard, collected between the years 1899 and 1902. These specimens have very distinctive trapezoidal labels and “W.A. Penard” written by Hartert on the reverse of the Rothschild label There is no record of a purchase of specimens from Penard in the partial list of Rothschild's purchases held in the Ornithology Department Archives. However, there is an entry on 20 August 1902, “Recd fr. Surinam” 123 specimens, which proved to relate to the Penard specimens. Further checking permitted other connections to be made, and it now seems probable that these three specimens considered syntypes were among the birds purchased by Rothschild to enable the Penards to publish volume one of their work. They probably were seen by the Penards, but this could not be verified.

Using the spreadsheet provided by T. Trombone, I obtained the names of W.A. Penard, B. Chunkoo, and H.R. Putscher, who were listed as collectors of Surinam birds for Rothschild between 1902 and 1908. Through the courtesy of Louise Clarke and Lorraine Portch, Archives and Records Management, BMNH, London, I received copies of letters written to Rothschild or Hartert between those years by the three correspondents. References to shipments of birdskins in the letters are compared in appendix 1 to Rothschild's purchases of Surinam birds between 1902 and 1908 (in Rothschild's partial list of purchases, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH). From this comparison, it became evident that there was a close correspondence between the information in the letters and what Rothschild actually purchased. By early 1906, Rothschild had become reluctant to purchase large lots of specimens, apparently including many duplicates. The number of specimens selected by Rothschild up to May 1905 and the April 1906 shipment for which we know he paid, totals 892, indeed close to the 875 given by Haverschmidt and others. It isn't clear how many of the nearly 1000 birds shipped by Putscher in December 1905 or the 42 received from Chunkoo in May 1907 were kept by Rothschild (appendix 1).

Penard and Penard, in the original description, had doubtfully included Pará, Brazil, specimens in their new form. Hellmayr (1905: 276, not Hartert and Berlepsch, as said by Penard and Penard, 1910: 464) had published on a collection made by A. Robert in Pará and had reported that the two specimens collected by Robert had blood red bills and that two other specimens in the Rothschild Collection, collected earlier by Steere in Pará, had faded to yellow. As Hellmayr had not indicated that the specimens had black at the base of the bill, Penard and Penard had doubtfully included Pará specimens in their new species, which did have black at the base of the bill. Because these Pará specimens were doubtfully attributed to L. charmesi, they are not part of the type series (ICZN, 1999: 76, Art. 72.4.1).

Chlorornis riefferii diluta J.T. Zimmer

Chlorornis riefferii diluta J.T. Zimmer, 1947b: 20 (San Pedro, south of Chachapoyas, northern Perú; altitude 8600 to 9400 feet.).

Now Chlorornis riefferii dilutus J.T. 354Zimmer, 1947. See Storer, 1970: 252, Isler and Isler, 1999: 55, and Dickinson, 2003: 809.

Holotype

AMNH 235729, adult male, collected at San Pedro, 8600–9400 ft, south of Chachapoyas, 06.13S, 77.51W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Amazonas, northern Peru, on 26 January 1926, by Harry Watkins (no. 10055).

Comments

In the original description, Zimmer cited the AMNH number of the holotype, but miscopied the number onto the type label as no. 170242; this has been corrected. The AMNH number cited above is the correct one. Zimmer (1947b: 22) listed the specimens that he examined. Paratypes are: La Lejia, AMNH 235355–235358, three males and one female, February through April 1925, Watkins; San Pedro, AMNH 235724–235728, four males and one female, January and February 1926, Watkins; Levanto, AMNH 511541, 511542, male and female, November 1894, O.T. Baron. Zimmer tentatively referred two birds from Cumpang to dilutus, but I have not considered these to be paratypes (ICZN, 1999: 76, Art. 72.4.1).

David and Gosselin (2002: 264) gave reasons for considering Chlorornis masculine, and this was followed by Dickinson, 2003: 809.

Chlorornis riefferii celata J.T. Zimmer

Chlorornis riefferii celata J.T. Zimmer, 1947b: 21 (“Camp 1,” below Limbani, southeastern Perú).

Now Chlorornis riefferii celatus J.T. 354Zimmer, 1947. See Storer, 1970: 253, Isler and Isler, 1999: 55, and Dickinson, 2003: 809.

Holotype

AMNH 147838, adult male, collected at Camp 1, below Limbani, 14.08S, 69.42W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Puno, Peru, on 10 March 1907, by Harry Watkins (no. 728).

Comments

Zimmer gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and on p. 22 listed the specimens that he examined. Paratypes are: Santo Domingo, AMNH 14658l5, female, 23 September 1916, by Watkins; Camp 1, below Limbani, AMNH 147836, 147837, 147839, three males, undated on labels, by Watkins; Oconeque, AMNH 511545, male, 7 July 1904, by G. Ockenden.

[Chlorospingus? speculiferus Lawrence]

197Lawrence (1875: 383) quite clearly stated that the type of this form came from Dr. Gundlach and was in USNM. Nevertheless, AMNH 3262 has a type label attached with reference to the description. On the reverse of the AMNH Lawrence Collection label, someone has written “According to Wetmore (Bds. of Porto Rico & V.I., 1927, 544, the type of this species is in U.S. Nat. Mus.” This is correct, and it is listed by Deignan (1961: 588). Deignan (1961: 590) explained that the five new forms described by Lawrence in the paper cited above have their types in USNM. It is not stated in the description of C. speculiferus whether Lawrence had more than one specimen at that time, and because the AMNH specimen has no original label, is undated, and has no information indicating that it came from Gundlach, I do not consider that it has any claim to type status. Because it bears an AMNH type label, it remains in the type collection with an additional label explaining its status. It was formerly mounted. This species is now in the monotypic genus Nesospingus.

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus dwighti Underdown

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus dwighti Underdown, 1931: 612 (Finca Sepur, Vera Paz, Guatemala).

Now Chlorospingus ophthalmicus dwighti Underdown, 1931. See Hellmayr, 1936: 399–400, Isler and Isler, 1999: 60–63, Dickinson, 2003: 817, Sánchez-González et al., 2007, and Wier et al., 2008.

Holotype

AMNH 294658, adult male, collected at Finca Sepur, ca. 10 mi north of Sepacuite, 15.29N, 89.52W (Selander and Vaurie, 1962), Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, on 4 January 1926, by Alfred W. Anthony (no. 2997). From the Jonathan Dwight Collection (no. 61693).

Comments

Prior to Underdown's publication of C. o. dwighti, Hellmayr had examined the type of Bonaparte's Poospiza olivacea, the type locality of which was suspect. As Chlorospingus olivacea, the name had been applied to eastern Guatemalan birds, but Hellmayr found that this immature type specimen most closely matched nominate C. ophthalmicus, thus leaving the eastern Guatemalan birds without a name. Underdown supplied this when he named dwighti.

In the original description, Underdown designated as the holotype AMNH 294658, but did not mention any other specimens. In his revision of C. ophthalmicus, he (Underdown, 1932: 643) listed the material he examined. It is difficult to recognize which specimens he borrowed to describe dwighti. The following are paratypes: AMNH 398484 (Anthony no. 5382, Dwight no. 63101), female, Barrillos, 21 March 1927; AMNH 398485 (5585, 63106), male, Nebaj, 29 April 1927; AMNH 398488 (5231, 63102), female, San Mateo, 15 February 1927; AMNH 398489 (5235, 63103), male, San Mateo, 16 February 1927. Underdown did not list the female from Finca Sepur, and apparently did not have it in hand. Two males and two females from Finca Sepacuite were examined, but I have found no way to tell which specimens these were from among the many in AMNH from that locality, nor was it possible to identify the seven “Guatemala (Vera Paz skins with no data)” that he saw. He also listed a male and a female from Tumbala, Chiapas, which do not appear to be in AMNH.

Sánchez-González et al. (2007) recommended considering dwighti a full species. The type of this subspecies was listed by Dickerman (1987b: 79), but the AMNH number was incorrectly given as 492658; the correct number is AMNH 294658.

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus eminens J.T. Zimmer

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus eminens J.T. Zimmer, 1946: 389 (Gramalote, Department of Norte de Santander, Colombia).

Now Chlorospingus ophthalmicus eminens J.T. Zimmer, 1946. See Storer, 1970: 257, Isler and Isler, 1999: 60–63, and Dickinson, 2003: 817.

Holotype

AMNH 748393, adult female, collected at Gramalote, 07.53N, 72.48W (Paynter, 1997), Norte de Santander, Colombia, by Brother Nicéforo Maria (no. 81).

Comments

Zimmer cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. Zimmer listed the specimens of eminens he examined; only the holotype is in AMNH. Paratypes are in FMNH and in MLS. Wier et al. (2008) did not sample this subspecies.

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus macarenae J.T. Zimmer

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus macarenae J.T. 354Zimmer, 1947: 4 (Mt. Macarena, Colombia; plateau at 411 feet elevation).

Now Chlorospingus ophthalmicus macarenae J.T. Zimmer, 1947. See Storer, 1970: 257, Isler and Isler, 1999: 60–63, and Dickinson, 2003: 817.

Holotype

AMNH 748394, adult male, collected on the plateau at 4100 (not 411) ft, Serranía de la Macarena ( =  Mt. Macarena), 02.45N, 73.55W (Paynter, 1997), Meta, Colombia, on 24 January 1942, by E. Thomas Gilliard, on the Mt. Macarena Expedition.

Comments

Zimmer cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed (on p. 6) five males (plus the holotype) and four females examined, all from Mt. Macarena. There are nine paratypes, all collected on Mt. Macarena between 17 and 26 January 1942 by Gilliard, but according to the labels, they are three males, one male?, three females, and two sex?. Paratypes: AMNH 343895–343903. Gilliard (1942) published a summary of this expedition. Wier et al. (2008) did not sample this subspecies.

Chlorospingus albitempora nigriceps Chapman

Chlorospingus albitempora nigriceps Chapman, 1912: 166 (Miraflores, alt. 6800 ft., Central Andes, east of Palmira, Cauca, Colombia).

Now Chlorospingus ophthalmicus nigriceps Chapman, 1912. See Chapman, 1917: 618, Hellmayr, 1936: 405, Isler and Isler, 1999: 60–63, and Dickinson, 2003: 817.

Holotype

AMNH 109326, adult female, collected at Miraflores, 6800 ft, ca. 03.35N, 76.10W (Paynter, 1997), east of Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, on 29 April 1911, by William B. Richardson.

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and examined eight specimens of his new form in addition to the type. The seven paratypes in AMNH are: Salento, AMNH 113116, male, 3 November 1911; El Eden, AMNH 113117, male, 20 October 1911; AMNH 113118, female, 19 October 1911; Rio Toché, AMNH 113119, male, 24 October 1911; AMNH 113120, male, 24 October 1911; AMNH 113121, female, 23 October 1911; AMNH 113122, female, 24 October 1911. AMNH 113116, 113119, and 113122 were exchanged with O. Bangs in 1918 and are now in MCZ; AMNH 113121 was exchanged with USNM. Apparently, the second specimen from Miraflores, a male collected by L.A. Fuertes (no. 2398), did not come to AMNH. Wier et al. (2008) did not sample this subspecies.

Chlorospingus tacarcunae Griscom

Chlorospingus tacarcunae Griscom, 1924a: 11 (Mt. Tacarcuna, east slope, alt. 4600 ft., eastern Panama).

Now Chlorospingus tacarcunae 118Griscom, 1924. See Hellmayr, 1936: 410–411, Zimmer, 1947b: 2–4, Wetmore et al., 1984: 494–495, Isler and Isler, 1999: 63–64, Dickinson, 2003: 818, and Wier et al., 2008.

Holotype

AMNH 136365, collected on the east slope of Mt. Tacarcuna, 4600 ft, 08.11N, 77.17W (Siegel and Olson, 2008), eastern Panama, on 14 April 1915, by Harold E. Anthony and D.S. Ball (no. 203).

Comments

Griscom gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and examined seven males (including the type) and three females. The nine paratypes are: AMNH 136362–136364, 136366–136370, all collected on Mt. Tacarcuna in March and April 1915 by Anthony and Ball.

Hellmayr (1936: 410–411) considered tacarcunae a subspecies of C. flavigularis, and Zimmer placed it in the species C. ophthalmicus, but most recently it has been retained as a monotypic species. The altitude cited above for the holotype is the altitude printed on the AMNH label and was cited in the original description. The small field label gives the altitude as 5200 ft.

Chlorospingus punctulatus Sclater and Salvin

Chlorospingus punctulatus Sclater and Salvin, 1869: 440 (cordillera of Chucu).

Now Chlorospingus ophthamicus punctulatus Sclater and Salvin, 1869. See Hellmayr, 1936: 407, Zimmer, 1947b: 2–4, Wetmore et al., 1984: 493–494, Isler and Isler, 1999: 64–65, Dickinson, 2003: 817, and Wier et al., 2008.

Syntype?

AMNH 40988, female, collected in the Cordillera del Chucu, ca. 08.40N, 80.50W (Siegel and Olson, 2008), Veraguas, Panama, undated, by Enrique Arcé (no. 2463). From the G.N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

In the original description, no type was designated; the authors only mentioned that Arcé had obtained several specimens in the Cordillera Chucu. AMNH 40988 had been obtained by Lawrence from O. Salvin, and is so noted by Lawrence on the reverse of a label that was apparently Salvin's. The AMNH label, printed “Lawrence Collection,” is annotated “may be a cotype”on the reverse in what appears to be Griscom's hand. It bears an AMNH type label marked “Co-type,” but because the specimen is undated, its type status is uncertain.

There are several syntypes in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 452). Isler and Isler (1999: 64–65) considered C. punctulatus a monotypic species.

Chlorospingus pileatus diversus Griscom

Chlorospingus pileatus diversus Griscom, 1924a: 11 (Cerro Flores, alt. 6000 ft., eastern Chiriqui, Panama).

Now Chlorospingus pileatus diversus 118Griscom, 1924. See Hellmayr, 1936: 409, Wetmore et al., 1984: 497–498, Isler and Isler, 1999: 66–67, and Dickinson, 2003: 818.

Holotype

AMNH 183044, adult male, collected on Cerro Flores, 5500 ft, 08.29N, 81.44W (Siegel and Olson, 2008), Chiriqui, Panama, on 14 March 1924, by Ludlow Griscom and Rex Benson.

Comments

Griscom cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and noted that he had six specimens, including the type. The five paratypes are: AMNH 183043, 183045–183048, one male and four females, all from Cerro Flores, collected 14 to 18 March 1924. Some authors consider diversus a synonym of nominate pileatus. Griscom (1924b) wrote a popular account of this expedition.

See Siegel and Olson (2008: 168–169) for a discussion of this type locality. The altitude at which the holotype was collected was said in the original description to be 6000 ft, but both the field label and the AMNH label record this as 5500 ft.

Chlorospingus parvirostris medianus J.T. Zimmer

Chlorospingus parvirostris medianus J.T. Zimmer, 1947b: 8 (Utcuyacu, Junín, Perú, altitude 4800 feet).

Now Chlorospingus parvirostris medianus J.T. Zimmer, 1947. See Storer, 1970: 260, Isler and Isler, 1999: 67–68, and Dickinson, 2003: 818.

Holotype

AMNH 169537, adult male, collected at Utcuyacu, 4800 ft, ca. 11.12S, 75.28W (Vaurie, 1972), Junín, Peru, on 1 December 1919, by Harry Watkins.

Comments

Zimmer gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and on page 10 listed the 11 specimens (including the type) of medianus that he examined. The 10 paratypes are: AMNH 145806–145810, one male, one female, three sex?, Idma, 11–12 July 1916, by Chapman and Watkins; AMNH 169533–169536, 169538, two males and three females, Utcuyacu, 2–4 December 1919, by Watkins.

Chlorospingus flavigularis parvirostris Chapman

Chlorospingus flavigularis parvirostris Chapman, 1901: 227 (Inca Mine, Peru).

Now Chlorospingus parvirostris parvirostris Chapman, 1901. See Hellmayr, 1936: 412, Zimmer, 1947b: 6–10, Storer, 1970: 260, Isler and Isler, 1999: 67–68, and Dickinson, 2003: 818.

Holotype

AMNH 74062, adult male, collected at Santo Domingo ( =  Inca Mine), 13.51S, 69.41W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Puno, Peru, on 16 June 1900, by H.H. Keays (no. 29).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and noted that he had two specimens from Keays' collection. The paratype is: AMNH 74065, female, collected at Inca Mine on 7 September 1900, by Keays (no. 112).

Chlorospingus flavigularis marginatus Chapman

Chlorospingus flavigularis marginatus Chapman, 1914a: 189 (Buenavista (alt. 1200 ft.), Dept. Nariño, S.W. Colombia).

Now Chlorospingus flavigularis marginatus 48Chapman, 1914. See Chapman 1917: 619–620, Hellmayr, 1936: 411, Zimmer, 1947b: 6–10, Storer, 1970: 261, Isler and Isler, 1999: 68–69, and Dickinson, 2003: 818.

Holotype

AMNH 118333, adult male, collected at Buenavista, 1200 ft, 01.29N, 78.05W (Paynter, 1997), Nariño, Colombia, on 27 September 1912, by William B. Richardson.

Comments

Chapman gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and said that he had five specimens (including the type) from Buenavista, one from Ricuarte, and one from Cocal. The six paratypes are: Cocal, 4000 ft, AMNH 110287, female, 11 June 1911; Buenavista, AMNH 118331, 118332, 118334, 118335, one male and three females, 26–30 September 1912; Ricuarte, AMNH 118336, male, 14 September 1912. This last specimen was exchanged to BMNH in May 1921.

Buarremon flavovirens Lawrence

Buarremon flavovirens Lawrence, 1867b: 467 (Ecuador).

Now Chlorospingus flavovirens (192Lawrence, 1867). See Chapman, 1926: 685, Hellmayr, 1936: 435–436, Storer, 1970: 261, Isler and Isler, 1999: 69–70, and Dickinson, 2003: 818.

Holotype

AMNH 41065, unsexed, collected in Ecuador, undated, from “C.R.G.” From the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments

Lawrence apparently had only one specimen, the label of which is marked “Type” by Lawrence. It has no original label. Sclater (1885: 274–275) said of this specimen: “Mr. Lawrence kindly lent me his unique specimen. The skin is apparently of the ordinary ‘Quito’ make.” Isler and Isler (1999: 69), commenting on this species, said that it was “originally known from 2 specimens collected in Pichincha,” apparently failing to consider the type specimen.

Chlorospingus canigularis paulus J.T. Zimmer

Chlorospingus canigularis paulus J.T. Zimmer, 1947b: 11 (La Chonta, Province del Oro, Ecuador; altitude 2000 feet).

Now Chlorospingus canigularis paulus J.T. Zimmer, 1947. See Storer, 1970: 262, Isler and Isler, 1999: 70–71, and Dickinson, 2003: 818.

Holotype

AMNH 172830, adult male, collected at La Chonta, 2000 ft, 03.35S, 79.53W (Paynter, 1993), El Oro, Ecuador, on 22 July 1921, by Geoffrey Gill (no. 65).

Comments

Zimmer gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and on p. 12 listed the specimens examined. The four paratypes are: Pullango, AMNH 153045, adult male, collected 16 July 1919 by Harry Watkins; La Chonta, 2000 ft, AMNH 172831, adult male, collected 26 July 1921 by G.K. Cherrie (no. 23426); Las Piñas, 3600 ft, AMNH 172832, adult male, collected 9 September 1921 by Cherrie (no. 23925); Coco, Rio Chimbo, 2400 ft, AMNH 173641, female, collected 29 July 1922 by Chapman, Cherrie, and O'Connell.

Hemispingus parodii Weske and Terborgh

Hemispingus parodii Weske and Terborgh, 1974: 97 (Cordillera Vilcabamba, 12°36′S, 73°29′W, elevation 3,480 m, Dept. of Cuzco, Peru).

Now Hemispingus parodii Weske and Terborgh, 1974. See Isler and Isler, 1999: 75, and Dickinson, 2003: 803.

Holotype

AMNH 810463, adult male, collected in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, 3480 m, 12.36S, 73.29W, Cuzco, Peru, on 28 July 1968, by John S. Weske (no. 1849) and John W. Terborgh.

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. The type series comprised six male and two female skin specimens, and one female skeleton in AMNH, and one unsexed alcoholic specimen in USNM. Paratypes in AMNH: AMNH 810464–810470, five males and two females, AMNH 9038 skeleton, female, all from the type locality. AMNH 810468 was exchanged to LSUMNS in June 1974.

[Chlorospingus nigrifrons Lawrence]

Lawrence (1875b: 384) named C. nigrifrons, now Hemispingus superciliaris nigrifrons, without stating where the type was held. No Lawrence specimen in AMNH had been claimed as the type, even though Berlepsch (1912: 1093) and Hellmayr (1936: 422) had said that it was held in the Lawrence Collection at AMNH. Deignan (1961: 589–590) listed the type in USNM, and this is undoubtedly correct. He noted (Deignan, 1961: 590) that the two forms that were named by 197Lawrence (1875), without mention of where the types were housed, had been in the collection of Wesleyan University and later were returned to USNM per agreement. The two specimens in AMNH that might have been considered types of nigrifrons are not marked “Type” in the usual way by Lawrence and, unlike the USNM specimen, neither has the published measurements written on its label.

Hemispingus superciliaris maculifrons J.T. Zimmer

Hemispingus superciliaris maculifrons J.T. Zimmer, 1947b: 13 (El Tambo, Dept. Piura, Perú; altitude 9400 feet).

Now Hemispingus superciliaris maculifrons J.T. Zimmer, 1947. See Storer, 1970: 264, Isler and Isler, 1999: 75–76, and Dickinson, 2003: 804.

Holotype

AMNH 175796, adult male, collected at El Tambo, 9400 ft, ca. 05.20S, 79.30W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Piura, Peru, on 1 December 1922, by Harry Watkins (no. 6716).

Comments

In the original description, Zimmer gave the AMNH number of the holotype and, on page 17, listed the specimens he examined. The 23 paratypes are: Salvias, Ecuador, AMNH 168527, female, 26 August 1920; Taraguacocha, Ecuador, AMNH 168528, 168530–168533, 168535, 15–22 August 1920, three males and three females; El Tambo, Peru, AMNH 175791–175795, 175797, 27 November–1 December 1922, one male, one “male” [?female], three females, one sex?; Taulis, Peru, AMNH 236260–236264, 11–21 June 1926, three males, two females; Chugur, Peru, AMNH 236265–236269, 13 April–1 May 1926, two males, two females, one sex?. AMNH 168529 was exchanged to ANSP in 1928, and AMNH 168534 was exchanged to MCZ in 1928; neither is a paratype.

Hemispingus superciliaris insignis J.T. Zimmer

Hemispingus superciliaris insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1947b: 15 (La Lejia, north of Chachapoyas, Perú; altitude about 9000 feet).

Now Hemispingus superciliaris insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1947. See Storer, 1970: 264, Isler and Isler, 1999: 75–76, and Dickinson, 2003: 804.

Holotype

AMNH 235347, adult male, collected at La Lejia, ca. 9000 ft, ca. 06.10S, 77.31W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), north of Chachapoyas, Amazonas, northeastern Peru, on 10 March 1925, by Harry Watkins (no. 8979).

Comments

Zimmer listed the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, and on p. 17 listed the specimens of insignis that he examined. The nine paratypes in AMNH are: La Lejia, AMNH 235343–235345, 235352, three males and one female, March 1925 by Watkins; San Pedro, AMNH 235719, 235721–235723, 30 January–14 February 1926, two males, one “male” [female], and one female by Watkins, and AMNH 511481, male, 9 December 1894, by O.T. Baron (from the Rothschild Collection). Zimmer also examined two paratypes from Molinopampa in FMNH.

Hemispingus superciliaris urubambae J.T. Zimmer

Hemispingus superciliaris urubambae J.T. Zimmer, 1947b: 15 (Tocopoqueu, Occobamba Valley, Perú; altitude 9100 feet).

Now Hemispingus superciliaris urubambae J.T. Zimmer, 1947. See Storer, 1970: 265, Isler and Isler, 1999: 75–76, and Dickinson, 2003: 804.

Holotype

AMNH 166621, adult male, collected at Tocopoqueyu ( =  Tocopoqueu), 9100 ft, ca. 12.53S, 72.21W (Vaurie, 1972), Ocobamba valley, Cuzco, Peru, on 29 July 1915, by Edmund Heller (no. 397).

Comments

Zimmer cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. The specimen had been collected by Heller and Harry Watkins on the Yale–National Geographic Peruvian Expedition of 1915–1916. Correspondence in the Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH, with F.M. Chapman in 1916, indicates that specimens collected on this expedition were eventually to be deposited in USNM, but arrangements were made between Yale University and Chapman to identify the bird specimens, and in return a subset of specimens was to be given to AMNH. On 30 July 1921, 150 specimens were cataloged at AMNH and marked as exchanged from USNM. The specimens had never been cataloged at USNM and were apparently retained at AMNH by Chapman before the remainder was sent to USNM.

Zimmer (1947b: 17) noted that he had examined an additional male specimen from Tocopoqueyu now USNM 273425, and a female specimen from Torontoy, now USNM 273424 (James Dean, personal commun.)

Hemispingus frontalis iteratus Chapman

Hemispingus frontalis iteratus Chapman, 1925c: 13 (Carapas, Mt. Turumiquire, N.E. Venezuela).

Now Hemispingus frontalis iteratus 6061Chapman, 1925. See Hellmayr, 1936: 425, Isler and Isler, 1999: 77–78, and Dickinson, 2003: 804.

Holotype

AMNH 188022, adult male, collcted at Carapas, ca. 10.12N, 63.56W (Paynter, 1982), Mt. Turumiquire, Sucre, Venezuela, on 13 April 1925, by George H.H. Tate (no. 604).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and noted that he examined nine specimens, all from the type locality. There are six paratypes in AMNH: AMNH 188630–188635, one male, one female, four sex?, collected 31 March–11April 1925 by Tate and Clements. Tate (1931) described the ascent of Mt. Turumiquire.

Hemispingus piurae Chapman

Hemispingus piurae Chapman, 1923a: 11 (Palambla, 4000 ft., Prov. Piura, western slope of Andes, east of Paita, Peru).

Now Hemispingus melanotis piurae 57Chapman, 1923. See Hellmayr, 1936: 427–428, Isler and Isler, 1999: 78–79, and Dickinson, 2003: 804.

Holotype

AMNH 174541, adult male, collected at Palambla, 4000 ft, 05.23S, 79.37W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), western slope of the Andes, east of Paita, Piura, Peru, on 25 October 1922, by Harry Watkins (no. 6435).

Comments

Chapman cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and noted that his type series comprised a male and a female. The paratype is AMNH 174542, female, from Palambla, 25 October 1922, by Watkins (no. 6436).

Thlypopsis ornata macropteryx Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Thlypopsis ornata macropteryx Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1896: 345 (Maraynioc).

Now Thlypopsis ornata macropteryx Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1896. See Hellmayr, 1936: 392–393, and Dickinson, 2003: 804.

?Syntype

AMNH 511251, female, collected at Maraynioc, 11.22S, 75.24W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983), Junín, Peru, on 7 January 1893, by J. Kalinowski (no. 1840). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

When Berlepsch and Stolzmann named macropteryx, they noted that they had five specimens collected in October 1891 and in October and November 1892. AMNH 511251 is labeled “typus” in the same hand and ink as the new name entered on the reverse of Kalinowski's label, but the date is 7 January 1893. Measurements were listed for the new form, with only one measurement listed under female. It does not bear a Rothschild type label, nor was it listed in any of Hartert's lists of types in the Rothschild Collection.

Stolzmann ( =  Sztolcman) and Domaniewski (1927: 187) listed without comment only one syntype in MIZ of macropteryx, a male collected on 7 January 1893. Mlíkovský (2009: 161) listed three of the original five (not six) syntypes as now in MIZ, one of which is the same specimen listed earlier by Stolzmann and Domaniewski.

Zimmer (1947a: 19) discussed AMNH 511251 and considered that it was probably a syntype, with the omission from the original description of the later date unintentional. It was he who added the AMNH type label. This seems particularly likely as the syntype listed by Stolzmann and Domaniewski (1927: 187) was also collected on 7 January 1893, and a second syntype, a female, was collected on 18 August 1892, a date also not included in the original description.

However, another complicating factor is that in the table of measurements given by Berlepsch and Stolzmann (1896: 345) only one measurement is given for a female while inclusive measurements are given for males. Both AMNH and MIZ (Mlíkovský, 2009: 161) have female “syntypes,” neither of which was collected on the dates listed in the original description.

The whereabouts of other syntype(s) is not known. As Zimmer (1947a: 19) pointed out, Berlepsch and Stolzmann “presumably had the entire Maraynioc collection of Kalinowski before them” and errors in recording the data have led to questions concerning the status of the specimens.

Hemithraupis guira boliviana J.T. Zimmer