Yu Guirui,^1,2,* Chen Zhi,¹ Zhang Leiming,^1,2 Peng Changhui,^3,4 Chen Jingming,^5,6 Piao Shilong,^7,8 Zhang Yangjianhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-2453,¹ Niu Shuli,¹ Wang Qiufeng,^1,2 Luo Yiqi,⁹ Ciais Philippe,¹⁰ Baldocchi D. Dennis<sup>11

1</sup>1. Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, and Key Laboratory of Ecosystem
²2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190,
³3. Department of Biology Sciences, Centre for Forest Research, University of Quebec at Montreal, Mon
⁴4. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestr
⁵5. Department of Geography and Program in Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 2E8, ON, Cana
⁶6. International Institute of Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, Chi
⁷7. Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, and Key Laboratory for Earth S
⁸8. Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Aca
⁹9. Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA;
¹⁰10. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de I'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif sur Yvette, 91191,
¹¹11. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley,

^*Corresponding author: E-mail: yugr@igsnrr.ac.cn;